A miniature embedded and holistic and anti-high-overload structure of micro inertial measurement unit in which micro-electromechanical systems(MEMS) based inertial sensor is used is proposed for the environment features of small installing volume and high-g launching overload of the guided ammunition. Based on the analysis of design principle and requirements MEMS inertial measurement unit(MEMS-IMU) structure, the structure of MEMS-IMU is designed and manufactured, and its actual MEMS-IMU is built. The volume and weight of MEMS-IMU are reduced by making reasonably use of its installing space, and its anti-high overload performance is evidently improved by using one-off embedded design and process technique, and the special filling material and techniques. The results of the finite element model analysis show that this structure has the good dynamic performance, and the results of the land and gunshot experiments also show that it can meet the requirements of the guided ammunition in volume and anti-high overload.

In-bore real-time fuze setting via primer is needed to increase the ammunition first round hitting probability of current large or middle caliber gun. The energy isolation system is designed for isolating the setting energy from the primer firing circuit and the firing energy from the setting circuit by establishing the boundary conditions of the isolation system and giving a set of functions that meets the boundary conditions. An energy isolation system for a specific kind of firing energy is designed by setting the parameter values of the functions. The isolation system has been experimentally proved to successfully isolate the firing energy and the setting energy. The firing energy loss on isolation system is very small. Key

The development of cloud computing technology and its wide application in the military field make the large-scale intelligent ammunitions possible to combat cooperatively. In order to deepen and expand the connotation of intelligent ammunition cooperative combat, the concept of cloud ammunition system is proposed from the perspective of system science. The system connotation is discussed based on synergetic theory, and the main features of the system are analyzed in terms of mechanism and mathematical logic. Finally, the main functions of the cloud ammunition system are provided, and the problems which need to be addressed and the development directions of the cloud ammunition system are discussed.

The technical route of fuze self-neutralisation and self-deactivating of cluster submunitions is analyzed,and the self-neutralisation routes of two kinds of cluster submunition fuze are introduced. A reliability model of cluster submunition fuze is established,and the reliability of all the modules in the fuze is figured out using the experiment results, and the comprehensive firing rate and self-neutralisation rate are simulated using Monte Carlo method. The experiment and simulation results indicate that the reliability of fuze self-damage/ self-neutralisation module is higher than that of firing device. Also, the fuze comprehensive firing rate of sub-munitions launched by multiple launch rocket system(MLRS) is difficult to achieve 99%. Besides, self-neutralisation device is auto-checked.

Shell transfer arm is a complicated mechatronic and hydraulic integrated system of howitzer with multi-parameters. During the modeling process, some parameters are hard or unable to be measured but have significant effect on the performance of shell transfer arm, which can only be achieved by identification. For identifying the parameters of shell transfer arm, the dynamic and control models are built in Simulink, and the uncertainty parameters are described by interval number. The identification problem of interval uncertainty parameters is transformed into a certainty optimization problem via order relation of interval number transformation model. The similarity of angular velocity of shell transfer arm is set as the optimization objective function, and three parameters are identified by differential evolution (DE) method. The proposed method is verified by simulated and test data. The identification results of simulated data show that the identification accuracy satisfies the requirement, and the identification results of test data show that the proposed method is feasible and effective. Key

For the ammunition with the characteristic oi long storage and only one time use, its storage reliability is a very important factor. On the basis of ammunition failure feature in storage conditions, applying the Poisson process theory, a mathematic model and a method for statistical analysis were set up. A relationship between storage life and reliability under a certain confidence was given.

The addition of the midcourse guidance in the guided munition attack and the geometrical position between the missile and the target during the missile flight are studied. The key analysis focuses on the angle of the target intercepted from the seeker when the missile attacks the ground fixed target. The fast calculation method and the analytic method are put forward. In the result of the approximate calculation which is from the space distribution ellipsoid and the ground distribution ellipse, the view angle calculation formula is derived. Furthermore, a general mathematical model to get the target acquisition probability from the view of statistical probability is created. According to the 3σ principle, whether to add the midcourse guidance is decided. The zero-effect miss and the maneuvering ability of the guided munition are researched. The results show that the maneuvering ability of the guided munition covers the zero-effort miss. The confidence interval of the view angle first decreases and then increases when the distance between the seeker and the target decreases. Finally, the influences of different disturbance factors on the view angle's confidence interval are calculated. The calculated results show that the wind in x direction has more influence on the view angle than the wind in z direction.

The theoretical formula for calculating the internal ballistic correction coefficients is deduced using interior ballistics equations and derivative operation. The correction coefficients of charge weight, propellant web size and projectile mass are calculated for 5.8 mm rifle. The results show that the influences of the factors on the initial velocity and maximum bore pressure of 5.8 mm rifle are the charge weight, propellant web side and projectile mass in order. The charge weight can be controlled accurately, so only the significant effects of propellant’s size and projectile mass on the velocity of 5.8 mm rifle are analyzed by statistical analysis. The analysis result shows that the propellant’s size is more sensitive to velocity compared with projectile mass, which is in accord with the theoretical calculation. It is an effective way to increase the firing accuracy of 5.8 mm rifle by improving the deviation of propellant’s size.

The vertical ammunition cabin possesses the functions of ammunition storage, recognition and automatic selection. The ammunition vertically placed in the cabin is circularly dragged along the optimum ammunition trajectory by the drive chain. In order to analyze the dynamic properties of drive chain and the stability of ammunition, all links of drive chain and the double-row rollers of ammunition rack are simplified as spring-damper elements. The full dynamics models of drive chain and the stability model of ammunition are established by use of multi-body dynamics and kineto-elastodynamics methods. A numerical simulation of the full dynamics models is performed by adopting Matlab software. The stability modelof ammunition is solved. Simulated results show that the velocity and acceleration of drive chain fluctuate within a small range. The dynamic response and drastic characteristic of centrifugal forces are dominated by the shape feature of the trajectory. The normal stability of ammunition is influenced by the drastic characteristic. The tangential stability is determined by the inertia forces of ammunition and the dynamic parameters of drive chain. The analysis shows that the ammunition has high normal and tangential stability. The tangential accelerations of chain and the normal accelerations of ammunition rack are measured. It can be found that the measured data are consistent with the simulated results. Key

For the ammunition demand forecast under joint firepower strike, the effective combat effectiveness indexes of different equipment against different targets are determined based on the loss-exchange ratio of weapon-equipment confrontation. The effective combat effectiveness index is taken as a criterion to evaluate the threat of enemy targets to friend equipment, and provide an essential basis for ammunition demand forecasting. According to the principle of maximum damage to enemy, an joint firepower strike ammunition demand forecasting model with the maximum comprehensive combat effectiveness index as the objective function is established. A variety of constraints are set according to the influencing factors of ammunition demand, the constraints are randomly combined according tothe actual combat situation, and the intelligent optimization algorithm is used to solve the model. The result shows that the proposed methodis reasonable, effective and operable, and representsthe characteristics of joint firepower strike. The demand forecasting of joint fire strike ammunition under the optimal equipment-ammunition-target formation mode is realized.Key

The helicoid pushing chain mechanism is a novel telescopic mechanism used to push objects from one position to another one rapidly.It occupies a minimal amount of space in the contact status. In constrained space the helicoid chain case adopted may store as many links as possible for acquiring a long telescopic distance. In order to analyze the influences of polygon effect and meshing impact on the dynamic properties and pushing stability of the unidirectional chain, the dynamics models are established for the processes ofextracting the unidirectional chain from the helicoid chain case and it meshing with the sprocket. Meanwhile, the extended part is simplified as a multi-spring-damping system, and the dynamics model of pushing process is deduced. The full dynamics models is numerically simulated by using MATLAB software and Rung-Kutta method. The simulation results show that the drawing force acted on the unidirectional chain in the chaincase drops down to zero concussively overtime, and the change of the thrust force transits form drastic oscillation to smooth fluctuation. Besides, the pushing velocity of the chain is nearly constant during the pushing process. Hence this mechanism has an excellent pushing stability. In addition, the established dynamics models are verified by the experimental measurement of the pushing velocity.

An optimization design method is proposed to indirectly improve the reliability of positioning precision for shell transfer arm in ammunition automatic loading system with uncertain parameters. The main uncertain factors that influence the positioning performance are analyzed. Space is transformed, and Latin hypercube sampling is applied for the uncertain variables. The error weights are calculated according to the distances from sampling points to the mean point in the transformed space. An electromechanical model is established with MATLAB/Simulink, and the simulations are run for every sampling point to get the positioning errors. The weighted sum of these errors is calculated as a performance index. This performance index is optimized using particle swarm algorithm. This method has remarkable optimization effect and good computational efficiency.

In order to help to solve the unexploded issue of cluster munitions, the concepts of self-destruction, self-neutralisation, self-deactivation and sterilization are described. The development and connotation of the concepts and their technical implementation are analyzed. For the “three-self” fuze of typical cluster submunition, the design method of “three-self” combined fuze is abstractly described in the form of block diagram. The safety and reliability of the “three-self” fuze of typical cluster submunition are analyzed with the experimental data and theoretically calculated results. The analyzed results show that sterilization is quite different from self-neutralisation and self-deactivation in connotation and implementation technology. The“three-self” combined fuze can be used to increase the comprehensive effect of fuzes. A self-destruction and self-neutralisation device should be integrated with a detonation interrupter if a combination design of self-destruction and self-neutralisationis used, and the self-destruction device should have a redundant safety control. In thecombination design of self-destruction and self-deactivation, the redundant safety control should be used to enhance the security of the electronic self-destruction devices.

In order to solve safety the problem of aircraft due to the long transfer alignment of airborne smart bomb, the two-point estimation algorithm for MEMS gyro drift and the fast transfer alignment methodbased on the separate estimation of weak observable state are presented. The proposed estimation algorithm is used to separately estimate he weakly observable states of gyro zero bias based on the observability analysis of tof velocity and attitude matching method presented by Kain, et al^［1］. Because of the influence of varying parameters of separate estimator, the variational Bayesian adaptiveKalman filtering algorithm is adopted to adjust the twice transfer alignment. The simulated and experimental results show that the estimating accuracy of the two-point estimation algorithm is at least 88% in 2.5 seconds, and the corresponding transfer alignment time is reduced to 8 seconds.Key

Fuzzy logic-based interacting multiple model (FL-IMM) algorithm in target tracking is proposed for networked munitions. During the interacting stage, the difference value between the theoretical value of covariance matrix and its estimated value is used to adaptively adjust the measured error of the system. In order to fuse multi-nodes data, a FFS (fuzzy-fusion system) is proposed to obtain the target state estimation.The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is verified through a network with 3 detecting nodes. The results show that the algorithm can effectively trace the maneuvering target under the condition of sensor failure andunknown system measurement error, which means that FL-IMM algorithm has great practicability in tracking the targets by the ground networked munition multi-nodes.

In order to meet the requirements of large amount of data, high transmission rate, high reliability of smart ammunitions, and realize the data setting of smart ammunitions, 6 baseband coded formats, such asunipolar non-return-to-zero code, unipolar return-to-zero code, Miller code, Manchester code, mark inversion code and modified miller code, are theoretically analyzed and simulated from three aspects of inductive setting system, such as energy transmission efficiency, power spectrum and bandwidth, and the influence of symbol synchronization on bit error rate, and are compared with the experimental results. The simulation and experimental results show that the modified Miller code with low level gapfactor=0.3 has the better energy transmission efficiency, abundant clock timing information, and lower bit error rate, and it is suitable for the transmission channel; the Manchester code is a kind of self-synchronous phase encoding code, which has a relatively rich clock timing information and a very low bit error rate, and it is suitable for the feedback channel. The laboratory experimental results are consistent with the theoretically simulated results.

A sampling method for life evaluation of high-value ammunitions is proposed. The sampling problem of high-value ammunition with high reliability and long life is studied. The intrinsic relationship among sample size, storage time, reliability evaluation accuracy of high-value ammunition when its life-span obeys Weibull distribution is studied, and the mathematical formulas to reveal the relationship among them are given. High-value ammunition has the following characteristics: high single-shot value, fewer samples for experimental study, and different storage years (productive year). These bring a series of difficulties to its sampling. This paper solves the problem of minimum sample size of high-value ammunition in reliability test, and provides theoretical support for scientific evaluation of its storage life. The method is used to sample a certain type of high-value ammunitions stored for 8 years. The minimum sample size of this batch of high-value ammuitions stored for 8 years is 9 with theconfidence of 0.9 and the reliability evaluation accuracy index of 0.15. Key

To measure the relative position between smart munition and vehicle, a location algorithm for imaging fuze based on target geometrical characteristics which are non-cooperative and inherent is proposed. A space imaging model under the fast rendezvous is established to solve the problem, and then the axes of vehicle are defined according to the characteristics of vehicle. The plane consisting of optical center and feature lines across the axes is set up, the parallel relationship among axes and intersecting lines is proved, and the direction vectors of three target-coordinate axes are educed. Based on the direction vectors of target-coordinate axes and the method of undetermined coefficients, a medial plane which includes vehicle’s axes is described by expression. According to the distance constraints from 3D point to plane, the relative position between smart munition and vehicle is resolved by strict derivation. The effect of relative pose on solving error is analyzed, and the error rules are proved by experiments. The experimental results indicate that the relative error of location is less than 5% when the height of smart munition is less than 100 m, and the location algorithm could solve the relative position with high precision.

The ammunition transfer manipulator has low locating accuracy and slow locating speed due to base vibration and payload uncertainty during operating. This study is implemented based on a principle prototype which has the same structure and working principle with the ammunition transfer manipulator. A nonlinear continuous time-varying feedback control method is proposed based on the disturbance compensation of disturbance observer. The control method is PD-like in the form of control law, but its proportional and differential coefficients are determined by system Lyapunov function, which are the differentiable functions of system error variables. To eliminate the nonlinearities caused by base vibration and payload uncertainty, the compensation based on a finite time nonlinear disturbance observer is added to the control algorithm. Experimental results show that the disturbance observer-based compensation can shorten the positioning time by 39.4%, from 2.18 s to 1.32 s. Meanwhile, under all the experimental conditions with base vibration and different loads, the control method can always fast, steadily and precisely achieve the control target，which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

For attitude measurement of highspeed rotating ammunition, the traditional MEMS strapdown inertial measurement system has low measurement accuracy. Angular rate sensor cannot meet the test requirements in both range and accuracy. This paper proposes the concept and principle of semistrapdown inertial measurement and the realization method of MEMS semistrapdown inertial measurement, at the same time a semistrapdown MEMS inertial measurement device is introduced on the foundation of composition structure of semistrapdown. Through structural and functional description of power output bin, controldrive circuit installation bin, inertial information sensitivity bin and inertial information collection bin, this paper comprehensively expounds the realization method of semistrapdown MEMS inertial measurement. The device can provide stable test environment for MIMU and effectively inhibit influence in attitude measurement accuracy when measured vector is in highspeed rotating environment. The system provides a new idea for highspeed rotating ammunition attitude measurement and conventional ammunition guidance. It is valuable for engineering implementation.

In the non-destructive testing for some ammunition, the precise measurement for small bot?tom gap is one of the main techniques to ensure their quality. A measurement method for thickness of the small bottom gap was proposed by volume effect of the CT imaging dexterously. The position where a gap exists was scanned by industrial CT at a set scanning thickness, in which the gap is con?tained in the scanning range; the gray difference was transferred into density difference by the CT im?age; the thickness of the gap was calculated by densities of the material and the air in the gap. The measured result shows that the method can be applied to the gap with thickness from 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm, the maximal absolute error is less than 0.030 mm and the relative error is less than 4.8%. The proposed method solves the problem of measurement for the gap, and satisfies the requirement of non?destructive testing and evaluating for products.

For the numerical simulation of submunition dispenser with gas generant and airbag, a model of airbag dispersing is built by using software LS-DYNA and solid-liquid coupling ALE algorithm, in which the mass flow rate of gas is considered as the input parameter of numerical simulation. On the basis of interior ballistic theory and closed bomb vessel experiment, the nominal combustion rate equation of gas generant and the mass flow rate equation are presented. The typical structure of submunition dispenserfileed with different amount of gas generant is simulated to obtain the velocity of submunition dispensed from airbag and the change of overload peak with the amount of gas generant. The simulated results are in agreement with the test results. The results show that the proposed method could be used to predict the velocity and acceleration of submunitions in practical tests. Key

In this paper a definition of shelf reliability is given， and procedures and methods for earring out the reliability evaluation for general purpose ammunitions are discussed. Mathematical models for the re?liability evaluation on a basis of success/failure and other ways of data processing are proposed.

It is one of important subjects to estimate uniformity of submunition dispersion points of fall. The current method using test has two disadvantages, which are that estimated results are sen?sitive to sub area partition, and large sample capacity is required to obtain correct results. The former makes confidence of estimated results decrease, and the latter makes applied scope of the method re?stricted .A modified test method called kernel test based on kernel density estimation and test was presented to improve these disadvantages. SuDmunition dispersion uniformity of a certain cluster warhead was estimated by the modified method and compared with the current method. The estimated results show that the modified method can overcome disadvantages of the current method, and describe submunition dispersion exactly.

In order to study the influence of the split distance of the ammunition “AHEAD” to its dam?aging efnciency, spacial distribution of sub-projectiles after separation of the ,shell and the density distribu?tion of sub-projectiles resulting from single and multiple firing in the interception plane were analyzed. The damage assessment model of the projectile to the target was then built up. Damage to a typical target (ARM) was calculated using the Monte Carlo process. The result shows that the damage probability de-creases with the increase of the split distance when the target's distribution is less than that of the projectile' s. On the other hand, the damage probability will assume a peak value when the target's distribution is more than that of the projectile's. This peak value is the optimal split distance. The result of calculation al?so shows that the split distance will have the more obvious influence to the damage when the target s distri?bution become wider apart.

A design method of launch acceptability region(LAR) parametric model for guided munitions based on response surface modeling (RSM) was proposed. A polygon of n-vertices was defined to represent the LAR geometric shape，and a mathematical model of LAR was set a group of quadratic polynomials. A number of numerical simulation experiments based on six degree-of-freedom(DOF) model were designed to generate the training data sets and verification data sets. The experimental points corresponding to the training data sets were designed by D-optimal design, and the coefficients of parametric model were determined by a multiple regression analysis of the training data sets. The verification data sets were used to verify whether LAR generated using the fitted coefficients meets the defined criteria，and the experimental points were designed using Sobol sequences. The simulated results show that the designed parametric model could provide an acceptable accuracy of the LAR calculation and effectively reduce the complexity of the LAR calculation program.

This paper discussed the ways 01 inspection on the interior ballistic performance of ammunition in stock without the use of standard ammunition or ballistic gun. Based on analysis and study on traditional inspection, a new method of inspection on ammunition in stockpile was presented. The systematic error caused by the artillery itself can be determined with this method independent of either standard ammunition or the ballistic gun by measuring the variation in the inner diameter of the gun barrel before firing. Correct?ing this error and laying down a procedure to control the secondary error rigidly to a minimum replace the method of daily correction. The paper took a gun howitzer as an object of research and made an analysis and practice in the technical ways and operating process for the method of inspection. The concrete methods of operation were finally given.

A novel 2-DOF ammunition coordinator structure scheme is proposed, and the controlled dy- namics behavior of the coordinator is studied by considering the influence of the random vibration of its in- stallation base. The random vibration of base is treated as one kind of external disturbance forces acting on the coordinator, and the action of the coordinator on the base is negligible. On the assumption that the external disturbance force and the control force are bounded, a nonlinear control algorithm and the struc- ture-control coupling dynamics equations of the coordinator are established based on the second kind La- grange equations and a special implicitly given Lyapunov function. The dynamics equations are solved by a numerical algorithm based on Newton's method and the Runge-Kutta method. The simulation result shows that the proposed 2-DOF ammunition coordinator can be used to realize the accurate coordination and positioning control of the ammunitions.

Most of the assessment methods used for ammunition storage reliability do not take into account the censoring of data. As a kind of product without maintenance, there is no way of perdicting when an item of ammunition will be fail. With a method of assessment taking into account the censoring of data, more reasonable conclusions about ammunition storage reliability can be obtained. In this paper, properties of ammunition storage data and their model of censoring are discussed. Three kinds of different life distribution function are here dealt with. Two kinds of assessment methods for endless-life and limited life data respectively are advanced. The methods which are used in practical product assessment are discussed.

The main development trend of future ammunitions will be safety. The ammunition safety criteria was proposed on the basis of the effect of main environmental stimulus on the ammunitions safety. A general model for ammunition safety assessment was developed and a parameter of safety degree was introduced to rank the safety of the assessed ammunitions. With the model, the safety of a modified insensitive conventional bomb Mk-82 and the effect of terminal self-failing design for unexploded ordnance (UXO) were analyzed. The results show that the terminal self-failing design can observably improve the safety level of the ammunition. The model in this paper can reflect the safety performance of ammunitions and provides a reference for safety design and evaluation of ammunitions.

The lethal area of the fragmentation ammunitions is generally determined in accordance with the fragmentation test, spherical target test and the test of velocity measurement. In this paper, the spatial distribution of fragments is approximated to normal distribution and the decrease of the effective fragments with the travelling distance increasing, is deduced. The author uses the present formula of the fragment number—fragment weight and of velocity estimating. Then a method of the theoretic computation of the lethal area is developed. Four warheads are examined with this method, and the results show clearly that the theoretic computation corresponds well with the experiment. This method can be used to predict the lethal area of various kinds of fragmentation ammunitions and to prove different designs of the ammunition.

In order to investigate the safety and service reliability of ammunition checked. Results of examination and measurement of serviceproducts yields a model for the failure performance of products, on the basis of this model, a method is provided Which can predict the effective period of storage of the products.

When GPS/INS guided munition needs in-flight realignment after it is fired from a conventional platform, an initial roll angle is difficult to be acquired. To solve this problem, two new algorithms of initial roll angle were proposed with regard to the non-spin and low-speed spin of projectile. The relationships between the roll angle and the transverse angular rates and attitude angle rates were derived from attitude kinematics equations. The measured values of angular rate gyroscopes and GPS velocity were used to obtain optimal estimation of roll angle based on least squares estimation. Simulation results and performance analysis show that the random and constant wind during flight are the main factors affecting estimation accuracy. The estimated errors are less than 3° under different typical levels of measurement and flight conditions. The algorithm can be used to estimate the roll angle during in-flight coarse alignment.

With the more and more development of the Bayesian survival analysis theory, as well as the fault of the traditional methods for storage reliability evaluation of ammunition, the Bayesian analysis method was proposed to build reliability regression models in the condition of the random truncated test. Take exponential distribution and Weibull distribution for example, and the MCMC method, based on Vjibbs sampling was put forward to simulate dynamically the Markov chain of the parameters posterior distribution. Also, the parameters’ Bayesian estimations were given out. The BlJGS package was used to realize the simulation. The results prove the model to be objective and valid in the storage reliability evaluation of ammunition.

An experiment on a submunition dispenser with airbag and nitrogen generant was present- ea. The experiment includes three interrelated subjects. The first is about relation among dispensing velocity of submunitions, pressure in airbag and charge of nitrogen generant. The second is to investi?gate the effect of warhead architecture strength and airbag strength on the dispensing velocity. The third is to study the timing and sequencing dispensing with multi compartments. Some regular patterns were acquired. The results show that the project of the dispenser using airbag with nitrogen generant is technically feasible, and it has lower peak pressure and smaller dispensing overload than those of the dispensers with gun propellant.

The problem of prior information fusion was investigated. In order to avoid that a small amount of field test information would be obliterated by a large amount of prior information, a Bayesian method with mixed Beta distribution was used. The applicable condition of the method was analyzed, and the method was generalized to the situation of multiple prior information. By using the result, the general method of the reliability evaluation of the guided ammunition was given. The com?parison of reliability lower boundary with an example among the method, the classical method, and Bayesian method with Beta distribution shows that the method is reasonable and the feasible.

Radiation characteristics of dielectric rod antenna are analyzed. Principle and method of design of dielectric rod antennas are introduced. A kind of dielectric rod antenna based on small projectile fuzes is designed and its radiation patterns and VSWR are measured. Correctness of the method of dielectric rod antenna design is demonstrat?ed by the results of measurement.

For the problems about the less sample data，large test consumption and ineffective use of manufacturing process quality data, in order to solve these problems，an ammunition quality evaluation method is proposed based on least squares support vector machine(LSSVM)optimized by improved salp swarm algorithm.The firing success rate of batches of new ammunition is estimated based on Bayesian by using target test data as input.On this basis，an evaluation model of the relationship between ammunition batch manufacturing quality data and ammunition firing success rate is developed using LSSVM.The LSSVM is optimized with an elite center of mass and a salp swarm algorithm improved by backward learning strategy，which effectively improves the accuracy of the evaluation model.And the validity of the evaluation model was verified by using a new type of ammunition as an example.The validated results show that the model has higher accuracy and stronger robustnesscompared with the traditional LSSVM，LSSVM improved by particle swarm algorithm and LSSVM improved bysalp swarm algorithm.