In view of the problems in the research and development of insensitive munition in China, the concept, the core and essence, and the evaluation methodology of insensitive munition are discussed. The correct understanding that should be established is analyzed and summarized, and some suggestions are made. Four aspects should be focused on during future development:(1)Doing the basic research on insensitive ammunition;(2)Realizing the digital design and virtual test gradually by enhancing modeling and simulation;(3)Establishing our own Chinese evaluation standard system;(4)Promoting the development and application of insensitive ammunition systematically by strengthening top-level design and breaking professional barriers.

Aiming at additive manufacturing technology for both internal and external ammunition warheads, the application status of additive manufacturing technology in the field of ammunition warheads is reviewed according to the technical characteristics and application directions of additive manufacturing. Firstly, the principles and mainstream methods of additive manufacturing technology are introduced. Secondly, the research progress of additive manufacturing of warhead charges and typical warhead damage elements(such as penetration, fragmentation, and blast)is elaborated separately. Furthermore, the fundamental problems in the current research of this technology, such as the safety of warhead charges, complex-shaped warhead charges, high-precision warhead charges, as well as the difficulty in processing complex-shaped and low-precision warhead shells(damage elements)and high manufacturing costs, are analyzed. Finally, the prospects for future development of additive manufacturing technology in ammunition warheads field, including the manufacture of complex-shaped, high-precision, and safe warhead charges, and the integration of warhead shells and explosive charges for a more streamlined manufacturing process are proposed, providing reference for the research of additive manufacturing technology for ammunition warheads, 84 references were attached.

In order to solve the problem of emptying explosive, the experimental study and simulation analysis on emptying explosive of condemned ammunition with cavitation water jet are investigated. The mechanism and key technology of cavitation water jet emptying explosive are explained and discussed. The experiments for emptying A-IX-Ⅱ explosive are carried out on a cavitation water jet device, and the simplified physical model of single-nozzel cavitation water jet emptying explosive is established to numerically simulate the flow distribution of cavitation water jet and the mechanical response of simulation explosive. The results show that both macroscopic high speed water jet and microscopic water jet caused by cavitation contribute to the emptying process of explosive ammunition. Cavitation water jet can empty the A-IX-Ⅱ explosive of 76-155 caliber cleanly in 15-30 minutes with a preferable test stability, and the average diameter of A-IX-Ⅱ explosive debris is 1-2 cm with the maximum size no more than 4 cm. The distributions of velocity and pressure of cavitation water jet follow Bernoulli’s law, and the maximum velocity can reach to hundreds of meters per second at the contraction section of cavitation nozzle. The cavitation casused by the force unbalance of cavitation bubbles on the surface of explosive ammunition can erode and break explosive effectively. The explosive broken occurs mainly on the contact surfaces of cavitation water jet and explosive. Multi-nozzle will form multiple concentrically annular etch pit zones on the surface of explosive of ammunition.

The research progress in naval ammunition security of NATO led by the USA, mainly including the ammunition safety development history, ammunition safety test method, evaluation and assessment of reaction grade and the factors affecting the safety of ammunition, was reviewed. On this basis, the research ideas and research achievements in the ammunition safety design in USA were detaily introduced, mainly including explosive and charge design, structural design of ammunition, and packaging structure design. Finally some suggestions on the safety of China’s naval ammunition were put forward.

Ammunition hit probability tests are usually carried out in multiple batches. With each test batch, the physical properties of ammunition evolve, influencing hit probabilities dynamically. Before each batch, simulated ammunition hit probability information is obtained. Effectively utilizing the shooting tests information and simulation data of each batch is key to hit probability estimation. In addition, considering the different degrees of damage caused by ammunition hitting different areas of the target, the original binomial distribution hit probability test is improved and described by multinomial distribution. System contribution is introduced to measure the impact of each batch of tests on the estimation of the ammunition hit probability, and the Bayesian method is used to fuse the test data of each batch. The ammunition hit property improvement is identified by constructing sequence constraint relation. Finally, the estimation of ammunition hit probability in multiple batch tests based on multinomial distribution is proposed. The example shows that the method can describe the hit properties of ammunition in detail compared with the binomial distribution method. It can also scientifically integrate the information of each batch shooting tests and simulation tests, providing reference for the estimation of the hit probability.

To solve the problems of high cost and poor repeatability of the range test of the detonation control function of networked munitions, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation test method for the dynamic detonation control of networked munitions based on QualNet is proposed. A hardware-in-the-loop interface between the real network and the simulation network is designed. Based on the interface, the real-time data interaction between the physical equipment and the networked munitions simulation model is realized. Then, a dynamic monitoring software of the safety system is developed. Through the software, the command center can control and monitor the status of the munitions node. At the same time, in order to ensure the reliable and real-time transmission of control command and other types of messages, an application layer communication protocol between the monitoring software and the safe detonation control module is defined. The remote arming and detonation control function of the networked munitions as well as the time delay of the hard-in-the-loop interface are tested. The results show that the proposed method is feasible and effective, which has good real-time performance.

In recent years, with the rapid development of autonomous perception, autonomous collaboration, and autonomous control technologies, the USV group has gradually gained operational capabilities. However, there are no efficient counter-USV group munitions and equipment yet. To deal with the difficulty in countering the USV group, based on the terminal-sensitive detection technology, we propose a gun-launched munition that uses the MEFP warhead for damage. The Monte Carlo simulation of target practice is adopted to simulate the utilization of the munition in operations, and the design of the warhead's scattering angle considering a variety of factors is analyzed. The effects of the gun-target distance, the number of targets, the movement speed, and the target size on the damage effectiveness of the munition are investigated. The simulation results show that the terminal-sensitive gun-launched munition is effective in anti-USV group operations. The proposed solution can provide reference and inspiration for China's development of anti-USV group munitions and equipment.

Based on particle swarm optimization (PSO)-least squares support vector machines (LSSVM), an ammunition assembly quality prediction method is proposed to address the problems of complex ammunition assembly process, existence of various influencing factors for the assembly process quality, and low assembly efficiency. Through gray entropy correlation analysis, key quality characteristics affecting the ammunition assembly quality are extracted and used as the input vectors of the prediction model to reduce the complexity and calculation workload. Using PSO-LSSVM as the modeling tool, the parameters of LSSVM are optimized by the PSO algorithm, and a prediction model is developed for ammunition assembly quality. Taking the prediction of runout during the docking assembly of a certain type of ammunition as an example, the model is compared with LSSVM model and Back-Propagation (BP) neural network prediction model. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed PSO-LSSVM-based prediction method for ammunition assembly quality is feasible and effective, which can accurately predict the quality of ammunition assembly.

The combat use and effectiveness e of air-ground guided ammunition is eveluated based on combat simulation. Considering the requirements of rapid response，platform security，launch flexibility，mission efficiency and effectiveness-cost ratio of air-ground guided ammunition，an effectiveness evaluation method of air-to-ground guided ammunition based on combat simulation is proposed.A combat simulation system is built. For the combat mission of close air support，the simulation calculation is made by taking GBU-16 laser guided bomb as an example，and the effectiveness of the simulated results is analyzed by using an analytic hierarchy process method，which provides a quantitative evaluation method for the combat effectiveness evaluation of air-ground guided ammunition，and plays an important part in the argumentation and operational research of weapon system.

To accurately predict the interior ballistic characteristics of telescoped ammunitions，the deformation，failure mode，and groove formation mechanism of the nylon cartridge belt during the dynamic impact engraving process of the telescoped ammunition are studied. A three-dimensional finite element model considering the complex structure of the engraving system and the dynamic impact characteristics of the telescoped projectile is established by using LS-DYNA software，and simulation is performed.On this basis，considering the new principle of two-stage ignition and programmed combustion of the ammunition，an integrated model for the initial interior ballistics of the ammunition during and after engraving is also established. The numerical results are compared with the experimental results.The results show that the fracture failure mode of the belt material under the action of rifling is mainly shear failure，and the engraving process can be divided into two stages. The belt material is deformed significantly due to the extrusion of rifling during both stages，so the corresponding extrusion resistance is also evident. Eventually，the dynamic impact extrusion resistance of the projectile is expressed by fitting. The results of the model are in good agreement with the test results，verifying the accuracy of the model and providing a useful reference for the design of the charge structures of such novel ammunition.

The onboard image target detection method is the key technology to realize the autonomous attack on the target by the “fire-and-forget” image homing ammunition. At present, the image homing of ammunition is faced with some problems, such as bad imaging environment, rapid change of targets' characteristics, and strict requirements for algorithm volume and speed. Firstly, the target detection methods based on deep learning are divided into methods based on anchor box, methods without anchor box and methods based on transformer, and the main technical progress of various methods is reviewed. Then, the key technologies in onboard image target detection model deployment, such as lightweight feature extraction network, enhancement of feature map for prediction, non-maximum suppression post-processing algorithm, sample equalization in training, and model compression, are studied. Finally, the performances of the typical detection algorithms on ImageNet, COCO and datasets for onboard image are compared, and the possible development in the future is looked into.

For the problems about the less sample data，large test consumption and ineffective use of manufacturing process quality data, in order to solve these problems，an ammunition quality evaluation method is proposed based on least squares support vector machine(LSSVM)optimized by improved salp swarm algorithm.The firing success rate of batches of new ammunition is estimated based on Bayesian by using target test data as input.On this basis，an evaluation model of the relationship between ammunition batch manufacturing quality data and ammunition firing success rate is developed using LSSVM.The LSSVM is optimized with an elite center of mass and a salp swarm algorithm improved by backward learning strategy，which effectively improves the accuracy of the evaluation model.And the validity of the evaluation model was verified by using a new type of ammunition as an example.The validated results show that the model has higher accuracy and stronger robustnesscompared with the traditional LSSVM，LSSVM improved by particle swarm algorithm and LSSVM improved bysalp swarm algorithm.

The ammunition transfer manipulator has low locating accuracy and slow locating speed due to base vibration and payload uncertainty during operating. This study is implemented based on a principle prototype which has the same structure and working principle with the ammunition transfer manipulator. A nonlinear continuous time-varying feedback control method is proposed based on the disturbance compensation of disturbance observer. The control method is PD-like in the form of control law, but its proportional and differential coefficients are determined by system Lyapunov function, which are the differentiable functions of system error variables. To eliminate the nonlinearities caused by base vibration and payload uncertainty, the compensation based on a finite time nonlinear disturbance observer is added to the control algorithm. Experimental results show that the disturbance observer-based compensation can shorten the positioning time by 39.4%, from 2.18 s to 1.32 s. Meanwhile, under all the experimental conditions with base vibration and different loads, the control method can always fast, steadily and precisely achieve the control target，which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

A sampling method for life evaluation of high-value ammunitions is proposed. The sampling problem of high-value ammunition with high reliability and long life is studied. The intrinsic relationship among sample size, storage time, reliability evaluation accuracy of high-value ammunition when its life-span obeys Weibull distribution is studied, and the mathematical formulas to reveal the relationship among them are given. High-value ammunition has the following characteristics: high single-shot value, fewer samples for experimental study, and different storage years (productive year). These bring a series of difficulties to its sampling. This paper solves the problem of minimum sample size of high-value ammunition in reliability test, and provides theoretical support for scientific evaluation of its storage life. The method is used to sample a certain type of high-value ammunitions stored for 8 years. The minimum sample size of this batch of high-value ammuitions stored for 8 years is 9 with theconfidence of 0.9 and the reliability evaluation accuracy index of 0.15. Key

For the ammunition demand forecast under joint firepower strike, the effective combat effectiveness indexes of different equipment against different targets are determined based on the loss-exchange ratio of weapon-equipment confrontation. The effective combat effectiveness index is taken as a criterion to evaluate the threat of enemy targets to friend equipment, and provide an essential basis for ammunition demand forecasting. According to the principle of maximum damage to enemy, an joint firepower strike ammunition demand forecasting model with the maximum comprehensive combat effectiveness index as the objective function is established. A variety of constraints are set according to the influencing factors of ammunition demand, the constraints are randomly combined according tothe actual combat situation, and the intelligent optimization algorithm is used to solve the model. The result shows that the proposed methodis reasonable, effective and operable, and representsthe characteristics of joint firepower strike. The demand forecasting of joint fire strike ammunition under the optimal equipment-ammunition-target formation mode is realized.Key

In order to solve safety the problem of aircraft due to the long transfer alignment of airborne smart bomb, the two-point estimation algorithm for MEMS gyro drift and the fast transfer alignment methodbased on the separate estimation of weak observable state are presented. The proposed estimation algorithm is used to separately estimate he weakly observable states of gyro zero bias based on the observability analysis of tof velocity and attitude matching method presented by Kain, et al^［1］. Because of the influence of varying parameters of separate estimator, the variational Bayesian adaptiveKalman filtering algorithm is adopted to adjust the twice transfer alignment. The simulated and experimental results show that the estimating accuracy of the two-point estimation algorithm is at least 88% in 2.5 seconds, and the corresponding transfer alignment time is reduced to 8 seconds.Key

For the numerical simulation of submunition dispenser with gas generant and airbag, a model of airbag dispersing is built by using software LS-DYNA and solid-liquid coupling ALE algorithm, in which the mass flow rate of gas is considered as the input parameter of numerical simulation. On the basis of interior ballistic theory and closed bomb vessel experiment, the nominal combustion rate equation of gas generant and the mass flow rate equation are presented. The typical structure of submunition dispenserfileed with different amount of gas generant is simulated to obtain the velocity of submunition dispensed from airbag and the change of overload peak with the amount of gas generant. The simulated results are in agreement with the test results. The results show that the proposed method could be used to predict the velocity and acceleration of submunitions in practical tests. Key

The vertical ammunition cabin possesses the functions of ammunition storage, recognition and automatic selection. The ammunition vertically placed in the cabin is circularly dragged along the optimum ammunition trajectory by the drive chain. In order to analyze the dynamic properties of drive chain and the stability of ammunition, all links of drive chain and the double-row rollers of ammunition rack are simplified as spring-damper elements. The full dynamics models of drive chain and the stability model of ammunition are established by use of multi-body dynamics and kineto-elastodynamics methods. A numerical simulation of the full dynamics models is performed by adopting Matlab software. The stability modelof ammunition is solved. Simulated results show that the velocity and acceleration of drive chain fluctuate within a small range. The dynamic response and drastic characteristic of centrifugal forces are dominated by the shape feature of the trajectory. The normal stability of ammunition is influenced by the drastic characteristic. The tangential stability is determined by the inertia forces of ammunition and the dynamic parameters of drive chain. The analysis shows that the ammunition has high normal and tangential stability. The tangential accelerations of chain and the normal accelerations of ammunition rack are measured. It can be found that the measured data are consistent with the simulated results. Key

In-bore real-time fuze setting via primer is needed to increase the ammunition first round hitting probability of current large or middle caliber gun. The energy isolation system is designed for isolating the setting energy from the primer firing circuit and the firing energy from the setting circuit by establishing the boundary conditions of the isolation system and giving a set of functions that meets the boundary conditions. An energy isolation system for a specific kind of firing energy is designed by setting the parameter values of the functions. The isolation system has been experimentally proved to successfully isolate the firing energy and the setting energy. The firing energy loss on isolation system is very small. Key

Shell transfer arm is a complicated mechatronic and hydraulic integrated system of howitzer with multi-parameters. During the modeling process, some parameters are hard or unable to be measured but have significant effect on the performance of shell transfer arm, which can only be achieved by identification. For identifying the parameters of shell transfer arm, the dynamic and control models are built in Simulink, and the uncertainty parameters are described by interval number. The identification problem of interval uncertainty parameters is transformed into a certainty optimization problem via order relation of interval number transformation model. The similarity of angular velocity of shell transfer arm is set as the optimization objective function, and three parameters are identified by differential evolution (DE) method. The proposed method is verified by simulated and test data. The identification results of simulated data show that the identification accuracy satisfies the requirement, and the identification results of test data show that the proposed method is feasible and effective. Key

In order to meet the requirements of large amount of data, high transmission rate, high reliability of smart ammunitions, and realize the data setting of smart ammunitions, 6 baseband coded formats, such asunipolar non-return-to-zero code, unipolar return-to-zero code, Miller code, Manchester code, mark inversion code and modified miller code, are theoretically analyzed and simulated from three aspects of inductive setting system, such as energy transmission efficiency, power spectrum and bandwidth, and the influence of symbol synchronization on bit error rate, and are compared with the experimental results. The simulation and experimental results show that the modified Miller code with low level gapfactor=0.3 has the better energy transmission efficiency, abundant clock timing information, and lower bit error rate, and it is suitable for the transmission channel; the Manchester code is a kind of self-synchronous phase encoding code, which has a relatively rich clock timing information and a very low bit error rate, and it is suitable for the feedback channel. The laboratory experimental results are consistent with the theoretically simulated results.

In order to help to solve the unexploded issue of cluster munitions, the concepts of self-destruction, self-neutralisation, self-deactivation and sterilization are described. The development and connotation of the concepts and their technical implementation are analyzed. For the “three-self” fuze of typical cluster submunition, the design method of “three-self” combined fuze is abstractly described in the form of block diagram. The safety and reliability of the “three-self” fuze of typical cluster submunition are analyzed with the experimental data and theoretically calculated results. The analyzed results show that sterilization is quite different from self-neutralisation and self-deactivation in connotation and implementation technology. The“three-self” combined fuze can be used to increase the comprehensive effect of fuzes. A self-destruction and self-neutralisation device should be integrated with a detonation interrupter if a combination design of self-destruction and self-neutralisationis used, and the self-destruction device should have a redundant safety control. In thecombination design of self-destruction and self-deactivation, the redundant safety control should be used to enhance the security of the electronic self-destruction devices.

The helicoid pushing chain mechanism is a novel telescopic mechanism used to push objects from one position to another one rapidly.It occupies a minimal amount of space in the contact status. In constrained space the helicoid chain case adopted may store as many links as possible for acquiring a long telescopic distance. In order to analyze the influences of polygon effect and meshing impact on the dynamic properties and pushing stability of the unidirectional chain, the dynamics models are established for the processes ofextracting the unidirectional chain from the helicoid chain case and it meshing with the sprocket. Meanwhile, the extended part is simplified as a multi-spring-damping system, and the dynamics model of pushing process is deduced. The full dynamics models is numerically simulated by using MATLAB software and Rung-Kutta method. The simulation results show that the drawing force acted on the unidirectional chain in the chaincase drops down to zero concussively overtime, and the change of the thrust force transits form drastic oscillation to smooth fluctuation. Besides, the pushing velocity of the chain is nearly constant during the pushing process. Hence this mechanism has an excellent pushing stability. In addition, the established dynamics models are verified by the experimental measurement of the pushing velocity.

The theoretical formula for calculating the internal ballistic correction coefficients is deduced using interior ballistics equations and derivative operation. The correction coefficients of charge weight, propellant web size and projectile mass are calculated for 5.8 mm rifle. The results show that the influences of the factors on the initial velocity and maximum bore pressure of 5.8 mm rifle are the charge weight, propellant web side and projectile mass in order. The charge weight can be controlled accurately, so only the significant effects of propellant’s size and projectile mass on the velocity of 5.8 mm rifle are analyzed by statistical analysis. The analysis result shows that the propellant’s size is more sensitive to velocity compared with projectile mass, which is in accord with the theoretical calculation. It is an effective way to increase the firing accuracy of 5.8 mm rifle by improving the deviation of propellant’s size.

Fuzzy logic-based interacting multiple model (FL-IMM) algorithm in target tracking is proposed for networked munitions. During the interacting stage, the difference value between the theoretical value of covariance matrix and its estimated value is used to adaptively adjust the measured error of the system. In order to fuse multi-nodes data, a FFS (fuzzy-fusion system) is proposed to obtain the target state estimation.The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is verified through a network with 3 detecting nodes. The results show that the algorithm can effectively trace the maneuvering target under the condition of sensor failure andunknown system measurement error, which means that FL-IMM algorithm has great practicability in tracking the targets by the ground networked munition multi-nodes.

The development of cloud computing technology and its wide application in the military field make the large-scale intelligent ammunitions possible to combat cooperatively. In order to deepen and expand the connotation of intelligent ammunition cooperative combat, the concept of cloud ammunition system is proposed from the perspective of system science. The system connotation is discussed based on synergetic theory, and the main features of the system are analyzed in terms of mechanism and mathematical logic. Finally, the main functions of the cloud ammunition system are provided, and the problems which need to be addressed and the development directions of the cloud ammunition system are discussed.

The addition of the midcourse guidance in the guided munition attack and the geometrical position between the missile and the target during the missile flight are studied. The key analysis focuses on the angle of the target intercepted from the seeker when the missile attacks the ground fixed target. The fast calculation method and the analytic method are put forward. In the result of the approximate calculation which is from the space distribution ellipsoid and the ground distribution ellipse, the view angle calculation formula is derived. Furthermore, a general mathematical model to get the target acquisition probability from the view of statistical probability is created. According to the 3σ principle, whether to add the midcourse guidance is decided. The zero-effect miss and the maneuvering ability of the guided munition are researched. The results show that the maneuvering ability of the guided munition covers the zero-effort miss. The confidence interval of the view angle first decreases and then increases when the distance between the seeker and the target decreases. Finally, the influences of different disturbance factors on the view angle's confidence interval are calculated. The calculated results show that the wind in x direction has more influence on the view angle than the wind in z direction.

In the non-destructive testing for some ammunition, the precise measurement for small bot?tom gap is one of the main techniques to ensure their quality. A measurement method for thickness of the small bottom gap was proposed by volume effect of the CT imaging dexterously. The position where a gap exists was scanned by industrial CT at a set scanning thickness, in which the gap is con?tained in the scanning range; the gray difference was transferred into density difference by the CT im?age; the thickness of the gap was calculated by densities of the material and the air in the gap. The measured result shows that the method can be applied to the gap with thickness from 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm, the maximal absolute error is less than 0.030 mm and the relative error is less than 4.8%. The proposed method solves the problem of measurement for the gap, and satisfies the requirement of non?destructive testing and evaluating for products.

It is one of important subjects to estimate uniformity of submunition dispersion points of fall. The current method using test has two disadvantages, which are that estimated results are sen?sitive to sub area partition, and large sample capacity is required to obtain correct results. The former makes confidence of estimated results decrease, and the latter makes applied scope of the method re?stricted .A modified test method called kernel test based on kernel density estimation and test was presented to improve these disadvantages. SuDmunition dispersion uniformity of a certain cluster warhead was estimated by the modified method and compared with the current method. The estimated results show that the modified method can overcome disadvantages of the current method, and describe submunition dispersion exactly.

The problem of prior information fusion was investigated. In order to avoid that a small amount of field test information would be obliterated by a large amount of prior information, a Bayesian method with mixed Beta distribution was used. The applicable condition of the method was analyzed, and the method was generalized to the situation of multiple prior information. By using the result, the general method of the reliability evaluation of the guided ammunition was given. The com?parison of reliability lower boundary with an example among the method, the classical method, and Bayesian method with Beta distribution shows that the method is reasonable and the feasible.

With the more and more development of the Bayesian survival analysis theory, as well as the fault of the traditional methods for storage reliability evaluation of ammunition, the Bayesian analysis method was proposed to build reliability regression models in the condition of the random truncated test. Take exponential distribution and Weibull distribution for example, and the MCMC method, based on Vjibbs sampling was put forward to simulate dynamically the Markov chain of the parameters posterior distribution. Also, the parameters’ Bayesian estimations were given out. The BlJGS package was used to realize the simulation. The results prove the model to be objective and valid in the storage reliability evaluation of ammunition.

An experiment on a submunition dispenser with airbag and nitrogen generant was present- ea. The experiment includes three interrelated subjects. The first is about relation among dispensing velocity of submunitions, pressure in airbag and charge of nitrogen generant. The second is to investi?gate the effect of warhead architecture strength and airbag strength on the dispensing velocity. The third is to study the timing and sequencing dispensing with multi compartments. Some regular patterns were acquired. The results show that the project of the dispenser using airbag with nitrogen generant is technically feasible, and it has lower peak pressure and smaller dispensing overload than those of the dispensers with gun propellant.

Some models suitable for general ammunition order were established, including economic or?der quantity (EOQ) model, operational effectiveness coefficient order model and comprehensive classi?fication order model. All such models or methods have obvious commonality and guidance.

Some long distance air ammunition can be used to attack large still target. According to the mathematical description of target-missile relative motion built by the message that supplied by the SINS/GPS of air ammunition, the slide predictive guidance law for guided air ammunition was designed by aoplying optimal slide quadratic index. The all trajectory mathematical simulation under all kinds of disturbing has been implemented by applying the designed slide predictive guidance law and using the aerodynamic parameters of air ammunition. The results indicate that this guidance law has strong anti-disturbing performance.

For the ammunition with the characteristic oi long storage and only one time use, its storage reliability is a very important factor. On the basis of ammunition failure feature in storage conditions, applying the Poisson process theory, a mathematic model and a method for statistical analysis were set up. A relationship between storage life and reliability under a certain confidence was given.

This paper discussed the ways 01 inspection on the interior ballistic performance of ammunition in stock without the use of standard ammunition or ballistic gun. Based on analysis and study on traditional inspection, a new method of inspection on ammunition in stockpile was presented. The systematic error caused by the artillery itself can be determined with this method independent of either standard ammunition or the ballistic gun by measuring the variation in the inner diameter of the gun barrel before firing. Correct?ing this error and laying down a procedure to control the secondary error rigidly to a minimum replace the method of daily correction. The paper took a gun howitzer as an object of research and made an analysis and practice in the technical ways and operating process for the method of inspection. The concrete methods of operation were finally given.

In order to study the influence of the split distance of the ammunition “AHEAD” to its dam?aging efnciency, spacial distribution of sub-projectiles after separation of the ,shell and the density distribu?tion of sub-projectiles resulting from single and multiple firing in the interception plane were analyzed. The damage assessment model of the projectile to the target was then built up. Damage to a typical target (ARM) was calculated using the Monte Carlo process. The result shows that the damage probability de-creases with the increase of the split distance when the target's distribution is less than that of the projectile' s. On the other hand, the damage probability will assume a peak value when the target's distribution is more than that of the projectile's. This peak value is the optimal split distance. The result of calculation al?so shows that the split distance will have the more obvious influence to the damage when the target s distri?bution become wider apart.

Radiation characteristics of dielectric rod antenna are analyzed. Principle and method of design of dielectric rod antennas are introduced. A kind of dielectric rod antenna based on small projectile fuzes is designed and its radiation patterns and VSWR are measured. Correctness of the method of dielectric rod antenna design is demonstrat?ed by the results of measurement.

Most of the assessment methods used for ammunition storage reliability do not take into account the censoring of data. As a kind of product without maintenance, there is no way of perdicting when an item of ammunition will be fail. With a method of assessment taking into account the censoring of data, more reasonable conclusions about ammunition storage reliability can be obtained. In this paper, properties of ammunition storage data and their model of censoring are discussed. Three kinds of different life distribution function are here dealt with. Two kinds of assessment methods for endless-life and limited life data respectively are advanced. The methods which are used in practical product assessment are discussed.

In order to investigate the safety and service reliability of ammunition checked. Results of examination and measurement of serviceproducts yields a model for the failure performance of products, on the basis of this model, a method is provided Which can predict the effective period of storage of the products.