2-(3-nitro-1,2,4-oxadiazole)imino-5-nitro-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (NONHT) and 2-(3-nitro-1,2,4-oxadiazole)imino -5-nitroso-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (NONsHT) were prepared by using nitration of the Mannich condensation product of NOG, tertbutylamine and formaldehyde. All of the compounds were characterized with IR, -1-H NMR, -13-C NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. The thermal behaviors of NONHT and NONsHT were studied by using multiple heating differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Their thermal decomposition kinetic parameters and thermodynamic parameters were calculated by using Kissinger, Ozawa and other methods. The results show that the thermal stability of NONHT is better than that of NONsHT. Their much higher decomposition temperatures than NNHT indicate that the introduction of 3-nitro-1,2,4-oxadiazole ring can improve the thermal stability significantly.

In order to obtain the influence of porosity on the temperature rise effect of aluminum-rich PTFE/Al energetic materials, an one-dimensional viscoplastic cavity collapse model considering the melting effect is used to theoretically analyze the impact temperature rise of the material. A micro-discrete model of aluminum-rich PTFE/Al with porosity of 10%, 20%, and 30% was established, and the numerical simulation was performed with the help of AUTODYN nonlinear dynamic finite element software to analyze the pore compression and temperature rise of porous aluminum-rich PTFE/Al energetic materials under impact loading. In addition, the numerically simulated result was validated through a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiment. The results show that the internal temperature of the material generally increases intermittently with the periodic loading of the incident bar; during the compression process, the temperature rise of porous aluminum-rich PTFE/Al energetic materials is mainly affected by the hole inner diameter velocity a· and the yield strength Y; compared with 20% and 30% porosity aluminum-rich PTFE/Al energetic materials, the 10% porosity aluminum-rich PTFE/Al energetic materials have the highest temperature rise during material compression.

NC/RDX nano-composite energetic material with nitro-cellulose(NC) as gel matrix is prepared using sol-gel method, and the material is characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and TG/DSC methods. The results show that RDX is successfully composited with NC. The minimum RDX average crystallite size calculated by Scherrer equation is 50.16 nm, and although the crystallite size increases with the increase in RDX content, the maximum crystallite size is less than 100 nm. Both the temperature of maximum decomposition rate and DSC exothermic peak temperature of RDX in composite material are lower than that of RDX raw material.

The metastable energetic materials were prepared for the space debris shield. Hypervelocity impact tests of PTFE/Al energetic material shield under the conditions of different areal densities, projectile diameters, and impact velocities were conducted by using two-stage light gas gun, and the high speed photographs and the signals from optical pyrometer during impacting were obtained. The analysis results show that the shock initiation of PTFE/Al energetic material shield occurs in the instant of hypervelocity impact, and the perforation process can be divided into three stages: shock detonation, fracture and deflagration, and zero reaction and crushing. A dimensionless empirical expression for perforation diameter of PTFE/Al shield is established based on the experimental results of hypervelocity impact. The effect of ambient temperature on the perforation characteristics of energetic material shield is investigated. Key

A one-dimensional，two-phase flow model is applied to describe the dynamic compaction process of a piston driven granular bed. A method-of-lines numerical technique is used to solve the coupled multiphase flow equations. From numerical analysis, a steady compaction wave following a short time transient is predicted in the porous bed. The structures of the compaction waves are also studied for various piston-impact conditions.

Laser ignition performance of energetic materials, including black powder, pyrotechnic materi?als, propellants having different particle diameters, were studied. The ignition delay was measured and anal?yses were conducted. On the basis of above, a mathematical model of laser ignition was established and nu?merical simulation conducted.

Effects of ignition delay, particle size and concentration on the characteristics of dust explosion of TNT , RDX and wheat flour are studied, and the procedures of explosion of energetic materials and combustible dusts in general are discussed quantitatively. Experimental results show that the comcentration of oxygen in air is not an essential condition for the energetic material. The explosion pressure of the energetic material varies linearly with the concentration. The effect of particle size on the peak pressure is not noticeable? and with an increase in the particle size, the rate of pressure rise decrease more smoothly when compared with that of combustible dusts in general. E- ffects of ignition delay on the peak pressure and rate of pressure rise are not noticeable within certain limits.

Instantaneous heat conduction analysis in powder grains was discussed. When the heat spread speed is a finite value in the process of plasma ignition, the theory of heat conduction is quite different from the classical Fourier law applied to the process when the heat spread speed is infinite. The classical Fourier law is modified when applied to the instantaneous heat conduction. A two-dimensional instantaneous heat conduction model of the powder grain plasma ignition process was established under cylindrical coordinate, using the finite difference equation and the numerical simulation to calculate the distribution of the temperature field in powder grains. In the process of the plasma ignition, different factors are considered to analyze the influences on the ignition delay, and the distribution of the temperature neld is also analyzed when a thermocouple is inserted in powder grains. The numerical results show that ： I) along with the increase of plasma temperature, tne ignition of energetic ma?terials is shortened; 2) the thickness of the plasma radiation absorption decreases, the ignition delay is small; 3) when the heat relaxation time decreases, the temperature field is further influenced; 4) when the thermocouple is inserted to measure the temperature, the temperature is influenced.

In order to research the influence of MgH₂ on ignition and combustion performance for typical energetic materials, the ignition delay time and flame propagation velocity of the mixture of MgH₂ and five kinds energetic materials were measured and calculated by laser ignition and high-speed photography visualization technology. The results show that 50.0% and 11.1% MgH₂ have the best effect on improving the ignition and combustion performance of RDX. 11.1% MgH₂ is the best for HMX. Meanwhile, 20.0%-33.3% MgH₂ can significantly improve the flame propagation speed of CL-20. However, the ignition delay time of mixture is shorter when the addition of MgH₂ is 50.0% and 11.1%. Furthermore, the ignition delay time of the mixture of FOX-7 and ADN with MgH₂ are less than that of energetic components and MgH₂ respectively, which means that the ignition process of these energetic materials and MgH₂ can promote each other. Considering the improvement of ignition performance and flame combustion performance of FOX-7, the addition of 11.1% MgH₂ is the most favorable. The improvement of ignition and combustion performance of ADN by using MgH₂ is proportional to the amount of MgH₂ added. The reason why MgH₂ promotes the ignition and combustion performance of energetic materials is that the decomposition products of MgH₂ benefit the phase transition of energetic materials, and finally enhance the ignition and combustion properties.

In this study, RDX and nitrate glycerol ether cellulose (NGEC) were selected as the raw materials, and acetone as the solvent to prepare precursor solution. A novel RDX@NGEC core-shell structured nanocomposite energetic material was prepared using the electrostatic spray drying technology. The structure and composition of the composite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (Raman). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was carried out to analyzed the thermal decomposition reaction kinetics and thermodynamics of the composites using the Kissinger and the Ozawa methods. In addition, impact and friction sensitivity experiments were carried out to study the mechanical properties of the composite. The results showed that the particle size of the composite RDX@NGEC prepared by electrostatic spray drying technology exhibited uniform distribution and an even spherical morphology, forming a typical core-shell structure. Besides, compared with the raw material RDX, the activation energy (E_a) of the composite increased from 122.05kJ/mol to 131.70kJ /mol, with E_a gradually increasing as the NGEC content increased. The addition of an appropriate amount of NGEC significantly increased the critical temperature of thermal explosion for the composite from 513.696K to 524.989K, thereby enhancing the safety performance.

In view of the current problems that energetic materials cannot meet the urgent needs of high-tech weapons and equipment for multi-mode, special-shaped and gradient charging, additive manufacturing technology for energetic materials is developed. Firstly, the concept, basic principle and technical characteristics of additive manufacturing technology were introduced. Then,the research progress of additive manufacturing technology in energetic materials, including initiating explosive devices, gun propellants, rocket propellants, mixed explosives and thermites, was described respectively based on the related research at home and abroad. The basic problems, such as adaptive formula design, special device/software development, online monitoring of safety/quality, etc. which limited the development of additive manufacturing technology of energetic materials were furtherly analyzed. Finally, the future development of additive manufacturing technology for energetic materials was prospected, and it was pointed out that it was necessary to take the gradient structure-function combining design idea as the starting point, and develop a new mechanism of 4D printing for energetic materials under intelligent, cross-scale and extreme conditions, so as to provide technical support for the development of weapons and equipment with adjustable power and controllable motion. With 135 references.

To identify the optimal preparation process of perovskite energetic material DAP-4, triethylenediamine hexahydrate, ammonium perchlorate, and perchloric acid as raw materials were used. Firstly, it was determined that the factors including perchloric acid, deionized water, and the discharge temperature had a greater effect on the yield of DAP-4 through single-factor experiments, and the less influential factors were the reaction time and reaction temperature. Then, the optimal preparation process was determined by designing three-factor and three-level orthogonal experiments, and the particle diameter, thermal decomposition performance, and sensitivity of DAP-4 under each experimental condition were also measured. The results showed that the influence of each factor on the yield of DAP-4 was as follows: perchloric acid=discharge temperature > deionized water, and the best preparation process was: the volume of perchloric acid(the mass fraction is 35%)was 32.6mL(n₁:n₂:n₃=1:1:7.5), and the deionized water was 125mL and the discharge temperature was 20℃. Under these conditions, the yield of DAP-4 can reach 95.9%, and changing the amount of perchloric acid, deionized water, and discharge temperature had little effect on the morphology and particle diameter of DAP-4, and the particle diameter distribution was between 50—90μm, the apparent activation energy of DAP-4 samples synthesized under different process conditions ranged from 175 to 217kJ/mol, and the impact sensitivity and electrostatic sensitivity were both insensitive.

Owing to the rapid release of multi-component gas during the reaction process of energetic materials, the technical issues in sampling and transmission, spectral analysis, and quantitative analysis are elaborated by using the continuous real-time and full-component scanning detection method of mass spectrometry. The technical difficulties of the reliability and distortion mechanism of different mass spectrometry sampling interfaces, the overlap of spectra due to the synchronous coupling of reaction process and ionization, and quantitative analysis of multi-component gas are analyzed. Three representative reaction processes are selected to illustrate the secondary reaction of crystallization of the evolved gas from boiler slags, nonlinear analysis of the mass spectrum signal in CaS gasification, and quantitative analysis of the mass spectra of the evolved gas from the typical energetic material Fx. The results show that the quantitative mass spectrometry method, equivalent characteristic spectrum analysis(ECSA^), can be used to determine the sampling distortion and accurately analyze the mass change rate of multi-component gas. Based on the continuous dynamic information for the mass changes of the multi-component gas and the mass balance of materials, components, and elements, the ECSA^ method enables accurate identification of multiple reaction processes.

Autocatalysis is one of the major reasons that make energetic materials extremely dangerous. The commonly used methods for identifying autocatalytic reactions is the “isothermal methods” based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microcalorimetry (C80). However, for these methods, temperature selection is one difficult problem, and the test period is long with some danger. So it is necessary to find a fast and safe method for the identification of autocatalytic reactions. This study proposes a method to quickly identify the characteristics of autocatalytic reactions and determine the reaction strength based on adiabatic thermal tests combined with reaction mechanism functions, which is used to measure the adiabatic thermal decomposition characteristics of five samples (20% DTBP and toluene mixed solution, HNS-IV, BNCP, CL-20, and CMC-LA). This method does not require the calculation of accurate reaction kinetic parameters, can identify the autocatalytic characteristics at the early stage of the autocatalytic reactions which reduces the measurement time and greatly reduces the risk in the process, and can quickly identify whether autocatalysis is involved in the decomposition of the substance and accurately characterize the autocatalytic intensity of the reactions.

The common kinetic mechanism functions were derived, which include the diffusion mechanism function, the random nucleation and the subsequent growth mechanism function, the power law mechanism function, the phase boundary reaction mechanism function and the chemical reaction mechanism function. The technical approach for logical selection and determination of the most probable mechanism function was presented. The function mechanisms of decomposition reaction of some energetic materials were collected and expatiated. The mechanism function and rate equation of the exothermic decomposition reaction process of 6b-nitrohexahydro-2H-1,3,5-trioxacyclopenta-［cd］-pentalene-2,4,6-triyl trinitrate (NHTPN) are reported with 79 references.

为探究主体炸药HMX的粒度对PBX(HMX)/AP复合含能材料的热分解和激光点火性能的影响,通过溶剂-非溶剂法对原料HMX和AP进行重结晶并筛分得到不同粒径分布的HMX_R和细粒度AP_R(5～20μm),进而制备含不同HMX粒度的PBX(HMX)/AP,对所得晶体和复合物分别进行SEM、DSC、DSC-IR及热分解动力学和1064nm激光点火测试。结果表明,HMX_R和AP_R的热分解表观活化能E_a和热爆炸临界温度T_b随着晶体粒度减小而减小; PBX(HMX)/AP中,HMX_RC的粒径范围为30～140μm、d₅₀为68μm、按HMX与AP零氧平衡配比的PBX(HMX_RC)/AP热性能最优,其热分解表观活化能E_a为212.78kJ/mol,比HMX_RC降低约274.44kJ/mol; 其热爆炸临界温度为197.45℃,比HMX_RC降低约76.25℃,比AP_R降低约81.63℃; 含不同HMX粒度的PBX(HMX)/AP的点火延迟时间随着HMX粒度的减小而减小,质量燃烧速率相应增大,其中零氧平衡配比的PBX(HMX_RC)/AP的激光点火性能最佳,其激光点火延迟时间为8200ms,质量燃烧速率为0.718g/(cm²·s)。表明HMX粒度范围影响传热、传质和物质间相互作用效率,进而影响点火、传火性能; 细粒度和零氧平衡及良好的黏结复合最有利于PBX(HMX)/AP中HMX与AP的协同热分解。

为了对RDX/Al/AP/HTPB炸药的有效成分进行分离回收，研究了以超声空化-表面活性剂水溶法提取RDX/Al/AP/HTPB炸药中高氯酸铵（AP）的分离工艺，探讨了各工艺参数对AP提取率的影响。结果表明，表面活性剂浓度、提取时间和超声频率是影响AP提取率的主要因素，表面活性剂种类为次要因素，料液质量比和提取次数对AP提取率的影响很小。最佳工艺条件为：室温，提取时间40min，料液质量比1：3，提取次数1次，超声功率3.0kW，表面活性剂为吐温80（质量分数2.0%）。

The principles and characteristics of the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology are briefly described. In comparison with the traditional vapor deposition technologies, ALD boasts its unique capabilities in precise film thickness control, low temperature deposition, large area and three-dimensional uniformity. These features make ALD a promising technology for preparing the energetic composites and fabricating the surfaces of energetic materials. The latest research progresses on the applications of ALD in the preparation and modification of energetic materials are summarized, including synthesis of metastable intermolecular composites (MIC), de-sensitization of metal fuels and explosives, and stability improvement of aluminum, aluminum hydride and ammonium dinitramide (ADN). The importance and prospects of ALD in precise synthesis and surface fabrication of energetic materials are evaluated. With 29 references.

为研究爆炸成型横向效应增强型侵彻体(爆炸成型PELE)的形成规律,基于一种中心点起爆的包覆式复合药型罩战斗部结构,采用AUTODYN数值模拟软件计算爆炸成型PELE形成过程; 运用图像处理技术,提取侵彻体形成后的边界并计算出密实度作为衡量侵彻体形成优劣的评价依据,获得了药型罩材料、结构以及装药长径比对爆炸成型PELE形成性能的影响规律。结果表明,在中心点起爆条件下,采用变壁厚结构铁外罩、等壁厚结构铝内罩组合方式,内外罩顶厚度比为2:3、装药长径比为0.5时,可获得密实度较高的爆炸成型PELE,其结构参数为:外罩内、外曲率半径分别为1.00D和1.15D,外罩顶厚度为0.06D,内罩内、外曲率半径均为0.42D,内罩顶厚度为0.04D。

To adjust the oxygen balance of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20),and further improve its energy utilization efficiency,the CL-20/ammonium perchlorate (AP) composite energetic material with zero oxygen balance was prepared by emulsion method.The factors affecting the emulsion stability were studied.The morphology,structure and properties of the material were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM),X-ray diffraction (XRD),differential scanning calorimeter and impact sensitivity test.The results show that when the dosage of the surfactant tween-80 is 0.56% of the total mass of AP and CL-20,the stable O/W structure can be formed and the emulsion can keep good stability within 48 h.The micron scale hollow spherical α-CL-20 crystals are attached to the AP crystal surface and both can be full contacted.The CL-20/AP composite energetic materials have only one exothermic peak at 243.38℃,and the heat released reaches 1 538.83 J/g.Compared with the raw material CL-20,the heat released increases by 60.7%.The characteristic drop height H₅₀ of impact sensitivity of CL-20/AP composite energetic materials is 45 cm,and increases by 32 cm compared with the raw material CL-20,revealing that the safety performance of CL-20 is significantly improved.

Based on the current research on microfluidic technology at home and abroad, the research progress of microfluidic technology in the synthesis of energetic compounds, modification of energetic materials, and preparation of composite energetic materials is reviewed from the perspective of equipment and material performance regulation. According to the development needs, several priorities for subsequent development are proposed: overcome the problem of microchannel blockage and expanding the application of solid-containing systems; combine with flow field simulation for accurate selection of process parameters; further combine on-line detection technology to establish an automatic feedback adjustment system to realize intelligent preparation of energetic materials; give full play to the advantages of high throughput and promote the application of microfluidic technology in the industrial production of energetic materials. 102 References are attached.

Due to the sponge-like pore structure of nanoporous silicon, it is difficult to fill with oxidants. This is the reason why the porous silicon composite energetic materials are mostly in a fuel-rich state. Meanwhile, adjusting the porosity of nanoporous silicon efficiently remains a challenge, so the oxygen-fuel ratio cannot be precisely controlled. In order to solve these above problems, the closely-arranged monolayer polystyrene microspheres were used as the template, and the nanoporous silicon nanowires with controllable morphologies and structures are obtained through reactive ion etching(RIE)technology and metal-assisted chemical etching(MACE). Porous silicon nanowires can precisely adjust the oxygen-fuel ratio of the composite systems by controlling the RIE time. At the same time, the two-dimensional linear structure is very beneficial to promote the filling ratio efficiently. The results show that the composite energetic system achieves the best stoichiometric reaction equilibrium and the energy output when the RIE time is 80s(the diameter of silicon nanowire of about 150nm). Moreover, the silicon nanowires with different structures and morphologies were prepared by using silicon wafers with different resistivity. The structure of silicon nanowires prepared by silicon wafers with lower resistivity is looser and more porous. The silicon nanowires prepared by silicon wafers with low resistivity can not only effectively shorten the heat transfer distance and reduce the activation energy of the reaction but also enhance the heat release of the reaction. It is beneficial to improve the combustion performance and facilitate the ignition of the nanocomposite energetic systems. The work could provide a new idea for the development of silicon-based energetic materials.

综述了非均质固体炸药的冲击起爆机制、宏细观反应流模型、中尺度/跨尺度及连续介质尺度数值模拟和冲击起爆试验及测试技术等研究进展,并总结作者团队近年来在该领域的研究成果; 分析了该领域的未来发展趋势,旨在加深对非均质固体炸药冲击起爆爆轰物理机制的认识,为装药安全性研究提供方法和技术手段。指出非均质固体炸药冲击起爆物理响应过程复杂,往往由多种热点机制控制,现有反应速率模型考虑热点机制单一,无法适应冲击起爆过程的高保真计算。现阶段压力相关型反应速率模型虽然在一定范围内适应细观结构的变化,但无法描述复杂加载路径如多次加载和斜波-冲击复合加载下炸药脱敏或敏化、拐角效应死区现象等,而熵或温度相关型反应速率模型可较好地适应复杂加载,但未考虑细观结构响应机制。发展多热点机制耦合作用的、宽适应范围的宏细观反应速率模型是反应流模型的重要方向。快响应高分辨率的细观实验诊断技术一直是爆轰领域的技术难点,中尺度计算是现阶段冲击起爆热点机制研究的主要手段,已初步实现从中尺度到宏观尺度的冲击起爆跨尺度计算,仍是非均质固体炸药冲击起爆与爆轰问题数值模拟发展的重要趋势。附参考文献151篇。

To explore the effect of graphdiyne(GDY)on the thermal decomposition characteristics of HMX, the GDY/HMX(mass ratio of 1:4)composite energetic materials was prepared, and the differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and the thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and mass spectrometry(TG/DTG-FTIR-MS)technique were employed to investigate the pyrolysis processes of the HMX and GDY/HMX comparatively. The apparent activation energies of HMX and GDY/HMX were calculated by Kissinger, FWO, KAS, Starink, Kissinger-iterative, and Ozawa-iterative methods, and the modified esták-Berggren empirical equation was used to reconstruct the kinetic models of their thermal decomposition reactions. The results show that the apparent activation energy of HMX is reduced by 73.6kJ/mol in the presence of GDY. The pyrolysis process of the GDY/HMX composite follows the n-order kinetic equation f(α)=3.04α^0.39(1-α)^1.17. GDY plays a crucial role in promoting the C—N bond cleavage during HMX decomposition, leading to the release firstly of the C₂HO and N₂O. And the gaseous products including NO, NO₂, HCN, CO, N₂, HCNO, CO₂, and H₂O are also detected.

为了研究铝粉含量对含铝炸药作功能力的影响，同时获得含铝炸药中铝粉的反应规律，对5种不同配方的炸药（RDX、RDX/Al、RDX/LiF）开展了Φ25 mm圆筒试验，利用光子多普勒测速技术（PDV）获得了圆筒的速度历程，在JWL状态方程的基础上提出了一种考虑铝粉二次反应速率的含铝炸药状态方程拟合方法。结果表明，对于粒径2 μm的铝粉，结合光子多普勒测速技术，Φ25 mm圆筒试验能够较好地表征铝粉的二次反应过程，铝粉反应的起始时间小于3 μs，铝粉在10~15 μs时间内已经反应完毕；新方法拟合得到的炸药状态方程较好地再现了圆筒膨胀过程，并能够对炸药中铝粉的反应情况进行半定量计算；3种铝粉含量的RDX/Al炸药中，质量分数15%的铝粉炸药作功能力最强；得出在炸药配方设计时，应综合考虑爆热和产物比容，单纯追求高爆热，不能获得最佳的毁伤效果。

The applications of quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamic simulations on energetic materials were reviewed with respect to the thermodynamic and detonation properties, decomposition mechanism, sensitivity, intermolecular interaction and compatibility, solid and surface properties and properties under extreme conditions. It focuses on the methods of the first and classical molecular dynamic simulation with reactive dynamic simulation being involved.The features and availabilities of various methods were compared,with 57 references.

The compatibility of sodium and guanidinium salts of bis(3-(5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole))(Na₂·cis-BNT, G₂·trans-BNT) with cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine(RDX), cyclotetramethyle-netetranitroamine(HMX) and 3,3-diazidomethyl oxetane-glycidyl azide polymer(BAMO-GAP),and the thermal behaviors of the mixture system were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG). The effect of sample preparation methods (grinding method or solvent method) on the compatibility of mixed system was preliminarily explored. The results show that there are some differences in compatibility results of the mixed system obtained by dry method and wet method for Na₂·cis-BNT and G₂·trans-BNT, When the binary systems are prepared by grinding method, the Na₂·cis-BNT/RDX system is compatible, Na₂·cis-BNT/HMX system is slightly sensitive, which is suitable for short-term use, while G₂·trans-BNT/RDX system is sensitive and G₂·trans-BNT/HMX system is incompatible. When the binary systems are prepared by solvent method, the mixtures of Na₂·cis-BNT with RDX, HMX, BAMO-GAP and G₂·trans-BNT with BAMO-GAP are compatible, but the mixtures of G₂·trans-BNT/RDX and G₂·trans-BNT/HMX are sensitive, which are not suitable for use. The sample preparation methods have an influence on the compatibilities of HMX based mixtures for its heterogeneous thermal decomposition process. Therefore, when the compatibility is determined by DSC, the mixing method of the sample prearation needs to be clearly explained and the final judgment shall be combined with other methods.

Embarked from the recent development of metal-fluoropolymer mechanical activation energetic composites (MAECs), the energy properties of metal-fluoropolymer were introduced, the energy advantages and release mechanism were analyzed.The typical defects of metal-fluoropolymer were summarized as the low energy release rate caused by the large diffusion distance between two components. The method of adjusting the energy release rate was compared, such as the use of nano aluminum powder, design of the micro device of reaction materials and the mechanical activation treatment. The superiority of mechanical activation was also analyzed. The research status of the mechanical activation process, reaction mechanism, detonation performance and application of MAECs was reviewed. The present status and problems of the research on MAECs of metal-fluorine polymer were evaluated, and the future development trend was also discussed.

The direct ink writing(DIW)technology and its application in energetic materials was systematically introduced. Recent research progresses and applications of DIW technology were emphasized, including metastable intermolecular composites(thermite, aluminum-fluorine polymer), propellants and explosives grains with complex structure, and pyrotechnics. The main relevant challenges and the opportunities of DIW technology were also proposed. DIW technology covers the deficiency of traditional charge technology to a certain extent, and it has great application potential in the research and development of new porous charge/charge with special structure and explosive charge with variable energy density. In the future, it is proposed that the research on additive manufacturing explosive formula for application, the photothermal co-curing matrix, and the integrated manufacturing of ammunition with cased and charge should be enhanced. Thus, new ideas and technical approaches for the development of new and high-precision strategic weapons and equipment in China will be provided.

With glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) as energetic gel matrix and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as cross-linking agent, GAP-HDI/CL-20 nano-composite energetic materials containing 25%, 45% and 60% CL-20 in mass ratio were prepared by the sol-gel method and vacuum freezing-drying technology. Their structure and morphology were characterized by SEM, Raman and FT-IR,and the thermal decomposition characteristics were studied by DTA. According to the test results of DTA curves at different heating rates, the thermal decomposition kinetic parameters, thermodynamic parameters and critical temperature of thermal explosion of the prepared samples were calculated. The results show that CL-20 particles were successfully loaded into GAP-HDI gel skeleton. The morphologies of CL-20 particles are changed from prism to spheroid and the particle sizes are nano-scale. The initial thermal decomposition temperature of GAP-HDI/CL-20 is earlier than that of raw material CL-20. The apparent activation energies of GAP-HDI/CL-20 nano-composite energetic materials with CL-20 mass fraction of 25%,45% and 60% are 224.9, 228.9 and 231.7 kJ/mol, respectively, which are decreased by 28.4, 24.4 and 21.6 kJ/mol compared with that of raw material CL-20, indicating that the thermal decomposition activity of GAP-HDI/CL-20 is improved, the thermodynamic parameters and the critical temperature of thermal explosion increase with the increase of CL-20 content.

To provide guidance for reasonable use of the attachment energy model and the development of crystal morphology prediction in energetic materials, the applications of the attachment energy model in the crystal morphology prediction of energetic materials in the last decade were reviewed, and the crystal shape prediction results of the same systems were compared. The calculation protocol of attachment energy in vacuum and in solvent, as well as the structural model construction, were described in detail. The influence factors on the accurate calculation of the attachment energy, such as force field, model size, crystal-solvent interaction, and so on, were discussed. The recent development of the attachment energy model was also introduced, including the correction of solvent effect, the exploration of supersaturation, and the new strategy of crystal shape prediction. The aim of this review is to promote the crystal morphology prediction method of energetic materials to a more accurate mechanism model.With 82 references.

The developments of amplification methods of nitrogen chains in energetic material synthesis were reviewed. The common reactions such as substitution reactions of N—X bonds by azido groups, electro-catalytic oxidation reactions of azide ions, diazo transfer reactions of primary amines, dimerization reactions of diimine, N-amination and nitration reactions, oxidative coupling reactions of amine groups, and diazo-coupling reactions of amine groups were summarized. The mechanisms of typical amplification reactions of nitrogen chains were also introduced. The structural evolution processes of ionic nitrogen chains such as N⁺₅, [N₇O]⁺, N^-₈, and organic compounds with all-nitrogen fragments such as N₃/N₄/N₅/N₆/N₇/N₈/N₁₀/N₁₁ chains were emphatically discussed. The possible synthetic routes of N^-₇, N₁₀ and N₁₂ chains and the development trends of this research field were pointed out. With 65 references.

为了测试新研制的CO₂相变爆炸激发药剂的安全性,依据GJB5891.22-2006 火工品药剂试验方法的第二十二部分“机械撞击感度试验”和第二十四部分“摩擦感度试验”方法,对其进行了撞击感度和摩擦感度测试,按照《危险货物运输 爆炸品的认可和分项试验方法》,开展了12m跌落试验、75℃热稳定性试验和外部火烧试验。结果表明,在1.2kg钢锤、500mm落高条件下,25发撞击感度试验爆炸概率为0; 在1.5kg钢锤、摆角100°、表压2.45MPa条件下,25发摩擦感度试验爆炸概率为0; 12m跌落试验和75℃热稳定性试验中激发药剂试样均未出现燃烧或爆炸现象,75℃热稳定性试验结束时激发药剂的温度仅比试验温度75℃高出0.5℃,表明激发药剂为热稳定性物质; 外部火烧试验结果表明,144kg激发药剂在露天敞开的条件下,仅用1min左右时间就燃烧完全,但未发生爆炸,也没有危险的迸射物射出。各试验结果均表明,激发药剂的危险感度低、安全性好,其原因在于激发药剂组分中C₂H₈N₂O₄对燃烧反应具有一定的抑制作用,精确控制其含量,可使激发药剂具有良好的燃烧性能和较高的安全性。

Nano-energetic compounds were widely applied to realize the efficient energy release and controllable reaction of weapons and ammunition, which had also been studied by many countries as an important key material to improve the level of national defense technology. In order to give full play to the potential of energetic materials and meet the high-performance needs of weapons, the preparation methods of nano-energetic materials and their applications in the field of explosives were reviewed based on the related research work, which was aimed to provide a reference for the research in the field of nano-explosive. First, the preparation methods were summarized and classified by high-energy fuel, single-compound explosive, strong oxidant and hydrogen storage materials, and the process characteristics and refining effect were also introduced. Second, the interrelationship between the nano-energetic materials and other components was investigated in detail, as well as the application advantages were described. At last, the main factors limiting the further development of nano-energetic materials were explored from the perspectives of particle dispersion, oxidative deactivation and moisture absorption. With 197 references.

Several commonly used detection methods in the pyrolysis study of energetic materials with their advantages and disadvantages were briefly introduced. The "soft" ionization characteristics of photoionization mass spectrometry(PIMS)and its advantages in the analysis of pyrolysis products were described. “Soft” ionization can make the products ionize without generation of ionization fragments, which is convenient for the rapid analysis of complex systems. It is conductive to online detection of the rapidly evolving intermediates generated from the pyrolysis process of energetic materials. Recent application progress of PIMS in study of pyrolysis of energetic materials, such as NTO, FOX-7, FOX-12 and CL-20, were summarized emphatically. The PIMS methods used in these studies include single photon ionization mass spectrometry and atmospheric pressure photoionization high resolution mass spectrometry based on vacuum ultraviolet(VUV)light generated from discharge lamp or synchrotron radiation sources. The new pyrolysis products and intermediates detected by online PIMS were also summarized. Finally, the future opportunities of PIMS in study of energetic materials were prospected. For characterization of fast reactions, by optimizing the mass spectrometer and developing high-brightness photoionization sources, it is expected to achieve time-resolved measurement at millisecond or sub-millisecond. It will help to study the pyrolysis and combustion process of energetic materials under high temperature and high pressure. For quantitative measurement, it is necessary to establish and improve the photoionization cross section database of energetic materials and main products. 61 References were attached.

The working mechanism of electrospinning apparatus and the effects of main process parameters on the composition and morphology of fibers are introduced in detail. The basic principle is that charged droplet in the high-voltage electric field overcomes the surface tension of the polymer solution as a function of electrostatic force and then undergoes a stretching and whipping process, leading to finally the formation of long and thin nanofibers on a grounded collector. In addition, the recent progress of the application of electrospinning technique in the field of superthermites, nanocrystallization of single energetic materials and solid fuels, and the ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of explosives is reviewed.The results show that the electrospinning technique is an effective method to control the morphology of nanofibers and achieve the nano-crystallization of energetic materials. It can effectively inhibit the surface oxidation and pre-reaction sintering of nano aluminum particles for the thermite-type energetic materials. Also, it can increase the dispersion of particles and improve the reaction efficiency and the heat release of reaction.Meanwhile, the nano-crystallization of energetic materials by the electrospinning technique has remarkable effects on improving the combustion decomposition characteristics, increasing the energy density, reducing the sensitivity, and enhancing the mechanical properties of energetic materials. Finally, the future research trends and application of electrospinning functionalized nano-energetic composites are also prospected.

Taking oxalic acid and aminoguanidine bicarbonate as raw materials, a new insensitive energetic material, dihydroxylammonium 3,3′-dinitro-5,5′-bis-1,2,4-triazole-1,1′-diolate(MAD-X1) was synthesized by cyclodehydration, diazotizationsubstitution, oxidation and neutralization reactions with a total yield of 41.2%. Its structure was characterized by IR, ¹HNMR,¹³C NMR and elemental analyses. The synthetic mechanism for the synthesis of  3,3′-diamino-5,5′-bi-1,2,4-triazole(DABT) by onepot method was dissussed. The effect of mole ratio of sodium nitrite and sulfuric acid on the yield of diazotizationsubstitution reaction was investigated. The thermal behavior of MAD-X1 was analyzed. The energy properties of MAD-X1-CMDB propellant were calculated by NASA-CEA program. Results show that the onepot method for synthesis of DABT has the advantages of short cycle and high yield(75.1%). The best mole ratio of sodium nitrite and sulfuric acid is 2.4∶1 and the acidification reagent is hydrochloric acid. The thermal decomposition peak temperature of MAD-X1 is 248.7°C. The theory specific impulse and [JP]characteristic velocity of MAD-X1-CMDB propellant are2449.6N·s/kg and 1540.7m/s,respectively.

Based on fractal theory and heat conduction theory, the correlation among sensitivity, heat conduction, and fractal dimension of energetic materials were analyzed. Meanwhile, the fractal heat conduction models of micro and nano energetic materials were established. To verify the correctness of the model, the size fractal dimension and surface fractal dimension of two kinds of nitroamine explosives with different particle size were calculated, and the thermal conductivity was calculated by the model. The results show that the tangential effective thermal conductivity (k_t) and radial effective thermal conductivity (k_r) of nano RDX were higher by 0.204 and 0.059 W/mk than k_t and k_r of raw RDX, respectively. The k_t and k_r of nano HMX were higher by 0.079 and 0.426 W/mK than k_t and k_r of raw HMX, respectively. This meant that nano energetic materials were of higher effective thermal conductivity than micron energetic materials, which quite benefited to dissipating of the heat and decreasing of temperature of hot spots. Thus, nano energetic materials exhibited lower sensitivities. It is also concluded that the sensitivity of energetic materials can be assessed by means of the models.

为同时提高纳米Al粉的抗氧化性能及反应活性,采用静电喷雾法成功制备了不同聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)含量的Al/PVDF复合含能微球; 通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪及全自动物理吸附分析仪对所得含能微球的形貌、组分及结构进行表征,利用同步热分析仪、高速摄影仪及光电信号探测器对所得微球的热性能和燃烧性能进行研究。结果表明,所得Al/PVDF含能微球的形貌规整,粒径分布在2.5～4.5μm之间,且随着PVDF质量分数从1%增至15%,微球的两个氧化过程的放热峰峰温分别从625.3℃增至639.5℃、从823.5℃增至861.3℃,放热量从6.9kJ/g提高至11.3kJ/g,点火延迟时间从724ms降至374ms,燃烧更剧烈。说明PVDF的引入,不仅可以提高纳米Al粉的抗氧化性能,而且可激活纳米Al粉的反应活性,使其反应性能大大提升。

In order to fully utilize the performance advantage of fullerene and expand the application of fullerene and its derivatives in the field of high-energy materials, the updated preparation methods and specific research direction of the functional fullerene derivatives used in energetic materials were reviewed. The effects of fullerene and its derivatives on the thermal decomposition, combustion performance and stability of energetic materials were discussed in detail. It shows that fullerene and its derivatives can be used as energetic components, combustion catalysts, desensitizers and stabilizer. As energetic components, they show good thermal performances. As combustion catalysts, the activation energy of energetic materials can be significantly reduced. As desensitizer, the friction sensitivity and impact sensitivity of HMX can be reduced to 48% and 50%, respectively. As stabilizer, they have high scavenging rate of nitrogen oxide radicals. Finally, the preparation methods and application fields of different fullerene derivatives were summarized, and the future development direction and research focus were prospected. 85 References were attached.