A joint international effort to improve solid propellant performance within the framework of a FP7 European Project was described. Several metallized solid rocket propellants, of the broad family AP/HTPB/Metal in the ratio 68/14/18, were experimentally analyzed seeking to optimize the delivered specific impulse by identifying the most suitable high　energy fuel. Keeping the same nominal composition, different metallic fuels (including micrometric and nanometric Al, AlH3, and a variety of dual metal compositions) were characterized, tested, and contrasted to a conventional micrometric aluminum (30 μm average grain size) certified for space flights. In order to overcome the intrinsic performance limitations of the matrix AP/HTPB, a new matrix consisting of ADN/GAP satisfying also the need for environmentally benign propellant formulation was considered as well. A comparative analysis between the two solid propellant systems in terms of ideal thermochemistry and experimental combustion properties reveals advantages and disadvantages of both. Overall, it is judged worthwhile to develop ADN/GAP propellants, with or without metallic fuels, to enhance the current status of solid rocket propulsion. Controlling morphology and mechanical properties of ADN/GAP compositions and understanding their flame structure and aggregation/agglomeration properties are the main issues still challenging industrial users.

The effect of liquid-phase oxidation impurities on the solubility of water in hydrocarbon fuels was studied. The results show that the concentration of polar surfactant molecules in the first region increases (true solution) during fuel oxidation, and since the oxidation groups (-COOH, -O=O, -OH, etc.) have similar dipole moment μ, the dielectric loss tangent tan δ increases linearly in this region with surfactant concentration. Upon further oxidation, micelle structures begin to form at a certain point. Micelle formation leads to a sharp decrease in the dipole moment attributable to the monomer unit μ/n, where n is the number of molecules in a micelle. A several-fold decrease in the dipole moment leads to a sharp drop in tan δ. Upon further increase in the number and size of micelles, the dipole moment remains practically unchanged, and the dielectric loss tangent begins to increase linearly again with surfactant concentration. If the critical concentration for micelle formation is achieved upon further oxidation of hydrocarbon liquids, micelle formation processes occur spontaneously in the solution, and the true solution becomes a colloidal system (sol). The resulting micelles are structured with hydrocarbon radicals of molecules toward the outside and hydrophilic (polar) groups toward the inside. Water molecules are located inside micelles and held so securely that water molecules do not aggregate as temperature decreases. The reason for significant differences in the equilibrium solubility of water in hydrocarbon fuels is the different oxidation factors of product samples, resulting from the accumulation of various concentrations of oxidation products, which are natural surfactants, in hydrocarbon fuels.

钝感梯黑铝型注装混合炸药被广泛地应用于航弹、导弹、深水炸弹、鱼雷等各种常规武器的装药中。对于此种类型炸药,美国早已研制成代号为HBX的几个品种,HBX—6配方中TNT的含量为30%,RDX含量为45%,铝粉含量为20%,钝感剂腊加上其它成份占5%,配方中虽含腊达4.2%,但腊在药浆中很少飘浮,注成药柱后不形成腊套,药柱各部位的成份均匀。

The combustion wave structure of HTPB propellants was introduced, and the changes of the combustion flame structure and burning surface structure of the propellants under different pressures were analyzed. The burning rate expression was used to clarify that the heat and mass transfer between the gas-phase and condensed-phase were important affecting factors for the burning rate of propellant. The effects of HTPB, AP particle size distribution, particle size of RDX and HMX in HTPB propellants on high-pressure burning rate were reviewed, the research progress of metal oxides, ferrocene and its derivatives, nano-catalysts, carbon materials and their composites, and catalyst composites in the control of combustion performance was summarized, and the possible reasons for the drastically increase on the burning rate under high pressure were analyzed. Ultimately, it is pointed out that the following researches should be strengthened in the future:(1)Studying the effect of formulations on the high-pressure combustion characteristics of HTPB propellants and clarifying the change law of the pressure where the pressure exponent breaks;(2)Studying the effect of pressure on the combustion characteristics of each component and the interaction between components in the HTPB propellants;(3)Developing new types of burning rate agents to effectively control the high-pressure combustion performance of HTPB propellants.

(dp/dt)max是小型密闭压力容器法(MCPVT)中用来表征自反应物质受热分解反应激烈程度的物理量.本文在大量实验的基础上,通过线性回归推导出了X(样品容器容积V、升温速率R及样品质量m)与(dp/dt)max的数学关系式,已知X0时的(dp/dt)max0,就可求得任意X下的(dp/dt)max,与实测值比较,结果表明,利用该关系式计算的结果较为可靠.从而为MCPVT最终成为国际上评价自反应物质受热分解反应激烈程度标准方法奠定了基础.

Aiming at the mechanism, regularity characterization, influence factors and inhibition of ingredient migration in propellants, gun propellants and explosives, the ingredient migration theories which are mainly driven by concentration gradient and polarity action were introduced. The characterization methods of migration ingredients amount and migration ability based on advanced analytical techniques and migration kinetics were summarized. The effects of temperature, intermolecular interactions, crosslinking density, steric hindrance, structure, and other factors on ingredient migration were elaborated. The migration inhibition methods including chemical synthesis, material modification, and additive methods were discussed. The development directions of establishing rapid and non-destructive characterization methods of ingredient migration, improving migration models and synthesizing new ingredients with high anti-migration performance were proposed.Attached with 79 references.

The research progresses of machine learning in the field of energetic materials at home and abroad in recent years were reviewed. The applications of machine learning in the design and property prediction of energetic materials were summarized. In machine learning-driven energetic material design, the application of machine learning in molecular generation methods and auxiliary screening of energetic molecules was introduced. In the machine learning-driven prediction of the properties of energetic materials, the application of machine learning methods in the prediction of different properties of energetic materials, such as detonation performance and combustion performance, was introduced. Finally, the challenges facing the in-depth application of machine learning in the field of energetic materials were summarized, including the quantity and quality of energetic material-related datasets. The prospect for the application of machine learning in energetic materials was put forward, suggesting that the future development direction of energetic materials lies in establishing an automated experimental platform through the combination of machine learning and intelligent robots to achieve an the automated closed-loop optimization process of “design-prediction-optimization”. With 104 references attached.

Studying from the combustion mechanism of solid propellant, the research progress of combustion flame diagnoses and simulations for solid propellants were reviewed. The experimental developments of solid propellant combustion diagnoses on temperature measurement, flame images acquisition, combustion components detection and the quenched surfaces preparation & analysis were introduced. Meanwhile, the progresses of simulations in the combustion model of solid propellant were summarized. The basic principles and compared the pros and cons of each method are introduced. Finally, the development direction on typical combustion flame diagnoses and simulation of solid propellants are prospected. There are 86 references attached.

为探究主体炸药HMX的粒度对PBX(HMX)/AP复合含能材料的热分解和激光点火性能的影响,通过溶剂-非溶剂法对原料HMX和AP进行重结晶并筛分得到不同粒径分布的HMX_R和细粒度AP_R(5～20μm),进而制备含不同HMX粒度的PBX(HMX)/AP,对所得晶体和复合物分别进行SEM、DSC、DSC-IR及热分解动力学和1064nm激光点火测试。结果表明,HMX_R和AP_R的热分解表观活化能E_a和热爆炸临界温度T_b随着晶体粒度减小而减小; PBX(HMX)/AP中,HMX_RC的粒径范围为30～140μm、d₅₀为68μm、按HMX与AP零氧平衡配比的PBX(HMX_RC)/AP热性能最优,其热分解表观活化能E_a为212.78kJ/mol,比HMX_RC降低约274.44kJ/mol; 其热爆炸临界温度为197.45℃,比HMX_RC降低约76.25℃,比AP_R降低约81.63℃; 含不同HMX粒度的PBX(HMX)/AP的点火延迟时间随着HMX粒度的减小而减小,质量燃烧速率相应增大,其中零氧平衡配比的PBX(HMX_RC)/AP的激光点火性能最佳,其激光点火延迟时间为8200ms,质量燃烧速率为0.718g/(cm²·s)。表明HMX粒度范围影响传热、传质和物质间相互作用效率,进而影响点火、传火性能; 细粒度和零氧平衡及良好的黏结复合最有利于PBX(HMX)/AP中HMX与AP的协同热分解。

Recent research progress of energetic combustion catalysts distinguished by energetic groups for solid propellant was reviewed. The catalystic combustion and mechanism of energetic combustion catalysts such as azoles, azines, ferrocene, dinitroanthraquinone, grapheme and nitro on the combustion of solid propellants and their main components were summarized. Several compounds of azole and azine had excellent catalytic effect on solid propellant, ferrocene and its derivatives can increase energy and improve migration, new types of energetic catalysts like dinitroanthraquinone also have their own advantages. The higher the nitrogen content, the greater contribution to the capacity of the catalyst system, and the nitrogen content can be increased and the performance of the catalyst can be improved by introducing energetic groups such as nitro on the nitrogen heterocycle. Finally, designing of multi-functional and multi-metal energetic combustion catalysts, exploring catalytic mechanism and strengthening the catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of other energetic materials and the researches on the application of energetic combustion catalysts in solid propellant were pointed out as the emphasis directions in the future. With 89 references.

以浓硝酸为氧化剂,各种有机化合物为可燃剂的硝酸型液体炸药,几乎已经研究并使用了一个世纪了。对于这类炸药的研究改善,多年来实际上主要着重于可燃剂的选择对比,以求得出具有理想爆炸性能和工艺性能的实用品种。硝酸型液体炸药(以下简称为硝液炸药)以其良好的爆炸性能,很低的机械和热感度,稳定的储存性能,混制简易,成本低廉,流动性好便于注装,可灵活适应任意形状和尺寸极小的装药等一系列显著优点而久巳为人们所重视。但是,随着这类炸药逐步试用于多种爆破工程,其主要成分浓硝酸所特有的强氧化腐蚀性带来的安全保护问题也日益突出。

To improve the energy of single-base gun propellant(SB)while maintaining its mechanical properties, the composite modified single-base gun propellant(CMSB)was prepared by adding RDX and glycidyl azide polymer(GAP)into the basic formula of SB by solvent process. The properties of different samples, such as explosion heat, chemical stability, powder force and mechanical properties at low temperature,were tested and the interior ballistic behavior was tested using a 125mm armour-piercing projectile. The results show that the explosion heat and the powder force are increased by 4.3% and 7.5%, respectively compared with single-base gun propellant. The chemical stability of CMSB by 120℃ methyl violet test is better than that of SB. The low-temperature anti-impact performance of CMSB obtained from dropping hammer impact test is similar to that of SB, and the low-temperature impact resistance of CMSB obtained from the propellant bed impact test is better than that of the standard mixed-ester gun propellant. The internal ballistic test shows that the CMSB has the characteristics of low temperature sensitivity in the high temperature range, and the initial velocity of CMSB propellant charge is 2.6% higher than that of original SB charge under the same maximum pressure at high temperature.

From the perspectives of reducing the influence of external stimuli and optimizing the structural design of energetic materials, the desensitization mechanisms of single compound energetic materials under different desensitization strategies are reviewed, including buffering, lubrication, conduction, heat absorption and insulation, improving the quality of energetic crystals and enhancing the stability of energetic molecules. The comprehensive desensitization mechanisms of multi-dimensional desensitization strategies such as using multifunctional desensitization materials and coupling various desensitization means are analyzed. The development directions of desensitization of energetic materials in the future are put forward: to develop energetic materials with both high-energy and insensitive characteristics, to research the relationship between desensitization mechanism of energetic materials and operational environment, and to build up universal quantitative description models of sensitivity from the molecular scale, providing theoretical guidance and technical support for designing new high-energy insensitive energetic materials. 93 References were attached.

Based on the classification of three commonly used azide polymers including glycidyl azide polymer, poly(3,3'-diazidomethyl epoxybutane), and poly(3-azidomethyl-3'-methyl epoxybutane), the synthesis process and modification method of azide binders are reviewed, and the future development of azide adhesives are looked forward:(1)based on the improvement of polymerization method and synthesis process, as well as the design and optimization of component and structure(introducing fluorine elements and utilizing chiral chemistry)of polymers, improving the energy and mechanical properties of azide binders;(2)developing new self-healing or easily healable azide binders;(3)developing nano-size azide binders to make each component in nano-size, enabling practical specific impulse closer to the ideal state. 121 References were attached.

To reduce the mechanical sensitivity and improve the comprehensive performance of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane(APS)was used as the modifier to modify the surface of CL-20, and graphite oxide(GO)was used as the coating material, CL-20@GO core-shell composite was prepared by electrostatic self-assembly. The tissue morphology of the prepared samples was characterized by water contact angle test, scanning electron microscope(SEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The thermal performance was tested by differential scanning calorimeter(DSC), and the mechanical sensitivity was tested. The results show that the CL-20 modified by 5%(mass fracton)APS solution has the strongest hydrophilic, indicating the successful introduction of amino groups. The CL-20 particles are coated by GO layer completely. Compared with the raw CL-20, the activation energy of CL-20@GO composite increases by 63.0kJ/mol, the impact sensitivity(H₅₀)increases from 13.0cm to 23.5cm, and the friction sensitivity decreases from 100% to 24%, showing that the coating of GO by electrostatic self-assembly can significantly reduce the sensitivity of CL-20.

In order to study the dynamic mechanical properties of TiZrNbHf RHEA under dynamic impact, a flat plate impact experiment was carried out by using a 20mm caliber first-stage light gas gun, and the recovered samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy on their delamination mechanism from a microscopic perspective. The results show that the delamination strengths of TiZrNbHf RHEA ranges from 1.81 to 2.41GPa when the peak pressure of plastic wave pressure ranges from 0 to 20GPa. The delamination strength of TiZrNbHf RHEA is lower than that of 3d-HEA. The Hugoniot elastic limit ranges from 3.05GPa to 3.57GPa, increases with the increasing of impacting speed, and the reacceleration increases with the increasing of impacting speed. The Hugoniot equation of state obtained by the experiment shows a linear relationship. The state equation obtained by the cold energy mixing method is lower than the test data, but it can be used to predict the materials' properties over the experimental range. The metallographic analysis of the recovered samples shows that the SE and BSE image maps show that the holes are connected to form cracks, there are a large number of dimple and a small number of river-like patterns in the damage area, indicating that the damage mode is a mixed fracture mode dominated by ductile fracture.

Two types of ¹⁵N substituted ammonium nitrate, namely ¹⁵NH₄NO₃ and NH₄¹⁵NO₃, were prepared by using isotope substitution technique to replace ¹⁴N in ammonium nitrate(NH₄NO₃)with ¹⁵N. The apparent morphology and chemical structure of ¹⁵N substituted ammonium nitrate were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Its density, decomposition temperature, hygroscopicity, sensitivity, detonation velocity, and heat of explosion were tested by true density analyzer, differential scanning calorimeter, desiccator equilibrium method, and micro-charge laser ignition technique. The results show that, compared with common ammonium nitrate, the chemical structure of ¹⁵N substituted ammonium nitrate is almost unchanged. The density of NH₄¹⁵NO₃ and ¹⁵NH₄NO₃ increases from 1.72g/cm³ to 1.75g/cm³ and 1.76g/cm³, the hygroscopic speed decreases to 97.1% and 95.2%, respectively. And the sensitivity and thermal stability are almost the same. The detonation performance tested by a self-built micro-charge laser ignition device show that the detonation velocity of NH₄¹⁵NO₃ and ¹⁵NH₄NO₃ increases to 6610m/s and 6680m/s, and the heat of explosion increases to 3730kJ/kg and 3840kJ/kg, respectively, proving that stable isotope substitution technology can be an alternative to further enhance the performance of existing high-energy materials.

To identify the optimal preparation process of perovskite energetic material DAP-4, triethylenediamine hexahydrate, ammonium perchlorate, and perchloric acid as raw materials were used. Firstly, it was determined that the factors including perchloric acid, deionized water, and the discharge temperature had a greater effect on the yield of DAP-4 through single-factor experiments, and the less influential factors were the reaction time and reaction temperature. Then, the optimal preparation process was determined by designing three-factor and three-level orthogonal experiments, and the particle diameter, thermal decomposition performance, and sensitivity of DAP-4 under each experimental condition were also measured. The results showed that the influence of each factor on the yield of DAP-4 was as follows: perchloric acid=discharge temperature > deionized water, and the best preparation process was: the volume of perchloric acid(the mass fraction is 35%)was 32.6mL(n₁:n₂:n₃=1:1:7.5), and the deionized water was 125mL and the discharge temperature was 20℃. Under these conditions, the yield of DAP-4 can reach 95.9%, and changing the amount of perchloric acid, deionized water, and discharge temperature had little effect on the morphology and particle diameter of DAP-4, and the particle diameter distribution was between 50—90μm, the apparent activation energy of DAP-4 samples synthesized under different process conditions ranged from 175 to 217kJ/mol, and the impact sensitivity and electrostatic sensitivity were both insensitive.

介绍了高能量密度化合物、分子间亚稳态物质、纳米结构材料等新型含能材料的研究概况以及HMX球形化和纳米结构含能复合材料方面的研究进展.研究证实,高能低感炸药得到长足发展和广泛应用,非CHNO类高能量密度材料仍处于理论探索阶段,不敏感弹药主装药中现有单质高能炸药的晶体品质得到很大提高,纳米多孔硅/硝酸盐复合材料具有较强的爆炸性质,是一类值得关注的新型含能材料.研究也获得了装填RDX纳米线的碳纳米管有序阵列,建议在新型复合含能材料方面展开广泛深入的研究.

利用平板扫描仪获取装药药管端面图像,经计算机对图像进行一系列技术处理,实现了对小型推进剂管状装药药形尺寸的高精度数字化检测.详细研究了基于图像噪声面积的图像去噪、自适应的图像阈值分割等技术的开发过程,研制出一套小型推进剂管状装药药形尺寸数字化检测设备.按照国军标要求,分别对3种典型小型推进剂管状装药药形尺寸进行实际检测,检测结果的精度、检测工作的速度及效率等均达到设计要求.

本文介绍应用改良卡尔·费休试剂测定A5炸药所含微量水分,同时对改良卡尔·费休试剂的反应机理进行探讨。

题称会议定于1985年6月9日至13日在瑞典召开。此次会议的论题共四项:火炸药的化学反应性;现代安定性试验;试验结果的评价;试验方法的标准化。该会议代表人数限定75名;报名日期截至1984年12月15日;1985年3月1日前寄出文章摘要,5月15日前寄去文章手稿。

This paper has introduced suitable additive and suitable percentange for decomposition W/O of waste emulsion explosive,got better separated,thus procuring the recovery and utilization of waste emulsion explosive.

To enhance the analysis of experimental data in closed vessel tests, an iso-volumetric combustion model was established to numerically calculate the characteristics of pressure(p)—time(t). The fitting calculation was developed between the experimental test and the theoretical model, and the varying of burning rate could be solved for the high energy nitramine propellant. After that, different 7-perforated deterred high energy nitramine gun propellant samples were prepared, and the related equivalent parameters of iso-volumetric combustion model were fitted. It could quantitatively present the effects of deterring technology on the desensitizing layer, which referred to the decreasing of burning rate and the average thickness. The results show that, the static combustion characteristics of different gun propellant samples can be yielded by the iso-volumetric combustion model with the equivalent parameters. There are good agreements between the theoretical calculation and the experimental measurement. The equation of u=u₀+u_xpⁿ can conform to the relationship of burning rate(u)—pressure(p)for the high energy nitramine gun propellant. In the dry deterring technology, compared with the blank gun propellant, it can reach 72%—84% for the relative variation of equivalent burning rate of the deterring layer. Meanwhile, it locates in the level of O(10^-2)for the relative magnitude of average thickness between the deterring layer and the propellant web.

In view of the application defects caused by physical and chemical surface properties of nano-aluminum powder in the field of energetic materials, the controllable preparation methods, protection reactivity methods, and the changes in thermal and energy performance of nano-aluminum powder before and after protection were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of typical preparation methods and coating methods were compared, and the influence of coating layer on the thermal reactivity of modified system was analyzed. On this basis, the future development direction of nano-aluminum powder was put forward: developing methods to improve the dispersion of nano-aluminum powder in composite energetic materials; exploring the influence of the interfacial surface bonding method between the coating material and nano aluminum powder on the properties of the system; further application researching of modified nano aluminum powder. Future research should further concentrate on exploring the environmental compatibility of modified nano-aluminum powder to enhance its performance under complex conditions. 66 References are attached.

In order to study the influence of stretching process parameters on the safety performance of modified double base propellant molding process, the compression melting section, melt conveying section and die forming section are modeled as a whole, the density, rheological properties of the modified double base propellant slurry are determined, the mesh independence of the fluid domain is verified based on Polyflow software, and the safety characteristics of the stretch molding process of the modified double base propellant slurry under non-isothermal conditions are studied. The results show that the increase of screw speed increases the temperature, pressure and shear rate of the slurry, and there is a risk of ignition and explosion, in order to ensure the safety, the appropriate screw speed in the stretching molding process is 10r/min. With the increase of screw temperature, the shear rate decreases, the plasticization degree of the material becomes worse, and the increase of screw temperature is easy to decompose the material, combined with the composition characteristics of the sensitive material of modified double base propellant, the screw temperature is relatively safe at 85℃. Compared with the screw temperature, the change of sleeve temperature has little influence on the material flow field, and combined with the actual production conditions of modified double base propellant, the sleeve holding temperature of 70℃ is suitable for the production of modified double base propellant. Based on the simulation results, it is concluded that the effects of rapid changes in pressure and temperature should be paid attention to in the propellant production process.

To better understand the reactivity of aluminum-lithium alloy(Al-Li), the oxidation reaction characteristics and kinetic parameters of aluminum-lithium alloys were analyzed by using TG-DSC. The combustion process and the combustion products were analyzed by using a self-designed combustion test device, SEM, XRD, and other equipments. The effects of different oxidizers on the reactivity of the alloys were also compared. Meanwhile, the apparent activation energy of the alloys reaction in air and oxygen were calculated by using the Kissinger, Ozawa, and Friedman methods. The results show that the oxidation of aluminum-lithium alloys occurrs in three stages: the first stage from the beginning up to 800K, the second stage at 800—1100K, and the third stage is above 1100K. Compared to ammonium perchlorat(AP), polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)can better promote the aluminum-lithium alloys reaction. When the Al-Li/PTFE is heated in air, a vigorous oxidation process is immediately observed after aluminum melt. When the Al-Li/PTFE is combusted in air, a larger gas-phase flame and more intense combustion process compared to Al-Li/AP exhibited. The aluminum in the alloy exhibited higher combustion efficiency, leading to more complete reactions.The the apparent activation energies of the alloy calculated by Kissinger method was 335.9kJ/mol(in air)and 351.3kJ/mol(in oxygen), while the Ozawa method calculated the apparent activation energies of the alloy as 339.9kJ/mol(in air)and 354.6kJ/mol(in oxygen). The apparent activation energies calculated by Friedman method were 343.1kJ/mol(in air)and 355.4kJ/mol(in oxygen), respectively.

CL-20 based PBX explosive was prepared by water slurry method using CL-20 as filler,and EPDM as binder.The coated samples were characterized by SEM,XRD and FT-IR,and its impact sensitivity and thermal stability were measured.The results showed that EPDM can coat on the CL-20 crystal surface successfully,and the crystalline polymorph of CL-20 didn′t change during the coating process. Compared with raw CL-20,the impact sensitivity of coated sample was reduced significantly.The characteristic drop height was increased from 15.9cm to 40.7cm.The thermal stability was better than raw CL-20.

通过试验研究了加速度场中丁羟推进剂的燃速的加速度敏感性。另外从加速度力作用下燃烧区压缩导致热反馈增大角度出发，建立了加速度条件下推进剂稳态燃烧模型，并编程计算、分析了影响推进剂燃速敏感性的因素，可为发动机内弹道设计提供参考。

The applications of biomolecules such as DNA, peptides, proteins, polydopamine(PDA), tannic acid(TA)and cellulose in the field of energetic materials were reviewed. Firstly, the current problems faced by conventional energetic materials were analyzed, and the advantages of self-assembly technology in the preparation of new structural energetic materials were presented. The new structural energetic materials prepared with self-assembly technology by assembling biomolecules were expected to realize improvement in performance. Then, based on relevant studies at home and abroad, the structural features of these biomolecules, the advantages, process and mechanism of assembly were described. The performances of the synthesized new structural energetic materials were also outlined. Finally, the current research on the applications of biomolecules in the field of energetic material were summarized. The challenges faced by the new structural energetic materials in terms of performance optimization, mechanism study and application cost were analyzed. Their potential applications in aerospace and sustainable development were looked forward. 55 References are attached.

In order to solve the problems of unstable and excessive delay time drift exposed in missile weapon systems and space vehicles, and improve the reliability and safety of weapons and equipment systems, the catalytic behavior of copper oxide on the combustion performance of tungsten-based delay compositions were investigated. The micromorphology and thermal decomposition properties of Cu₂O and CuO respectively mixed with potassium perchlorate(KClO₄)were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, and the combustion performance of the new tungsten-based delayed compositioin system were verified by the fire performance test of the extended drug. The results showed that the addition of CuO and Cu₂O reduced the thermal decomposition peak temperature of KClO₄ by 109.1℃ and 103.5℃, respectively, and promoted the thermal decomposition process of KClO₄ by CuO>Cu₂O. The burning rates of formulas Y-1 and Y-2 with metal oxides addition are both higher than that of the original formula(Y-0), showing a consistent catalytic effect with the thermal decomposition process of the mixture. The combustion catalytic effect and combustion stability of CuO are better than those of Cu₂O.

To compare the performance of nitrocellulose(NC)fiber and nitrobacterial cellulose(NBC), NBC and NC with nitrogen content of 11.90%, 12.40% and 12.95% were selected to prepare two kinds of different fibers with average diameter of 500nm by electrospinning method. The effects of electrospinning fluid mass fraction and viscosity on fiber diameter were studied. The morphology, mechanical properties and thermal decomposition properties were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), differential scanning calorimetry(DTA), atomic force microscope(AFM), universal tensile tester and rotational viscometer. The results showed that the spinnable mass fractions of NBC and NC gradually decreased with the increase of nitrogen content. At the same nitrogen content, the tensile strength of NBC fiber was higher than that of NC fiber, and the tensile strength of NBC fiber decreased with the increase of nitrogen content. The Poisson's ratios of NBC and NC with nitrogen content of 11.90% was 0.35 and 0.36 respectively by using strain gauge and assisted digital image correlation(DIC). It was found that the Young's modulus of NBC fiber reached 2.04GPa, 22% higher than that of NC fiber. Compared with the raw materials, the highest decomposition and exothermic peaks of two types of fibers shifted forward, and the forward temperature decreased with the increase of nitrogen content. The apparent activation energy of NBC fibers with nitrogen content of 12.95% decreased by 48.2% compared with the raw materials, indicating that the decomposition rate of fiber samples was significantly improved.

从模拟燃烧条件、组分相互作用、组分物理状态、分析测试技术等几方面介绍了含能材料燃烧过程中热分解化学研究近几年来的最新进展.着重介绍燃烧热分解中的基元反应对建立推进剂燃烧新型模型的重要性、氧化剂和黏合剂及催化剂之间的相互作用、氧化剂的黏度和相态变化对燃烧和热分解过程的影响.

In view of the current problems that energetic materials cannot meet the urgent needs of high-tech weapons and equipment for multi-mode, special-shaped and gradient charging, additive manufacturing technology for energetic materials is developed. Firstly, the concept, basic principle and technical characteristics of additive manufacturing technology were introduced. Then,the research progress of additive manufacturing technology in energetic materials, including initiating explosive devices, gun propellants, rocket propellants, mixed explosives and thermites, was described respectively based on the related research at home and abroad. The basic problems, such as adaptive formula design, special device/software development, online monitoring of safety/quality, etc. which limited the development of additive manufacturing technology of energetic materials were furtherly analyzed. Finally, the future development of additive manufacturing technology for energetic materials was prospected, and it was pointed out that it was necessary to take the gradient structure-function combining design idea as the starting point, and develop a new mechanism of 4D printing for energetic materials under intelligent, cross-scale and extreme conditions, so as to provide technical support for the development of weapons and equipment with adjustable power and controllable motion. With 135 references.

分析了美国陆军弹道研究所、阿伯汀靶场,德国国防军91号试验站,加拿大国防研究中心及英国皇家装备发展和研究中心对B炸药、TNT、LX-14、压装的PBX及铸装的PBX和HMX/蜡95/5等炸药进行的发射安全性模拟试验和影响膛炸因素的研究结果;指出了设计发射安全性好的大口径炮弹装药的发展方向.

同一种物质能形成不同结构的晶体,这种现象称为同质多晶现象。无论在无机物或有机物中,这是一种普遍现象。成千上万的有机物,包括长-椅式的脂肪化合物,都可能产生两种或两种以上具有不同物理性质的晶型。作为单质炸药也不例外,常见的一些单质炸药差不多都有同质多晶现象(见表1)。

In order to address the conflict between traditional casting molding and direct writing 3D printing in terms of the process performance of solid propellant slurry, the HTPB propellant slurry was modified through the addition of a small amount of setting agent(YJ)to enable the 3D printing of small propellant grain. To examine the of YJ on the propellant's properties, a comparison and analysis of the performance, mechanical performance, combustion performance, and performance of the propellant was conducted before and after modification. The results indicate that the modified propellant slurry exhibits controllable extrusion and room temperature accumulation. The addition of YJ decreases the maximum tensile strength of the propellants by 0.1 and 0.15MPa at 20 and 70℃ respectively, and the elongation at break increases by 12.7% and 9.9% respectively. This evidence demonstrates that YJ significantly affects the mechanical properties of the propellants. Furthermore, both experimental and theoretical calculations indicate that YJ has minimal impact on the combustion and energy performance of the propellant. The burning rate is reduced by a maximum of 0.24mm/s, and the energy variation range is less than 1%. The addition of the setting agent(YJ)not only enables the slurry to meet the requirements for 3D printing but also has no significant the overall performance of the original propellant.

硝铵炸药气流工艺的采用,使生产效率大大提高,但检验产品质量的烘箱法,分析周期长,不适应新工艺的要求。硝铵炸药是一种多组份不均匀混合体系,其中含有硝酸铵、梯恩梯、木粉和水份等。同时快速测定此四组份目前还没有可靠的仪器与方法。如BA—5型电导测定仪,专门测定硝铵炸药的含水量,但其测定含水量在1.5%左右,而且产品细度、疏密程度对电导的影响很大,不适用于目前的产品上。F.W.Jensen等曾设计了一种高频水份测定仪,可用以分析硝酸铵的水份,精度很高,但分析周期长达48小时以上。

利用矩形激波管测定了几种碳氢燃料与空气混合物的爆轰极限和临界起爆能。根据分子结构的不同,对实验结果进行了分析。

从含能增塑剂的能量基团种类出发,综述含能增塑剂的合成和应用研究现状,认为含能增塑剂在含能材料配方中起着重要作用,不仅能改进力学性能,而且可以提高安全特性.硝酸酯含能增塑剂是一种极易受摩擦和撞击引爆的敏感炸药,且大多数危险等级为1.1,而新兴的叠氮类、偕二硝基类及硝胺类含能化合物或齐聚物性能优异,是含能增塑剂的主要研究对象.同时分析了国内含能增塑剂研究在合成技术、数量品种及应用等方面存在的差距,建议国内应加强多种类型新含能增塑剂的合成及应用研究.