钝感梯黑铝型注装混合炸药被广泛地应用于航弹、导弹、深水炸弹、鱼雷等各种常规武器的装药中。对于此种类型炸药,美国早已研制成代号为HBX的几个品种,HBX—6配方中TNT的含量为30%,RDX含量为45%,铝粉含量为20%,钝感剂腊加上其它成份占5%,配方中虽含腊达4.2%,但腊在药浆中很少飘浮,注成药柱后不形成腊套,药柱各部位的成份均匀。

(dp/dt)max是小型密闭压力容器法(MCPVT)中用来表征自反应物质受热分解反应激烈程度的物理量.本文在大量实验的基础上,通过线性回归推导出了X(样品容器容积V、升温速率R及样品质量m)与(dp/dt)max的数学关系式,已知X0时的(dp/dt)max0,就可求得任意X下的(dp/dt)max,与实测值比较,结果表明,利用该关系式计算的结果较为可靠.从而为MCPVT最终成为国际上评价自反应物质受热分解反应激烈程度标准方法奠定了基础.

以浓硝酸为氧化剂,各种有机化合物为可燃剂的硝酸型液体炸药,几乎已经研究并使用了一个世纪了。对于这类炸药的研究改善,多年来实际上主要着重于可燃剂的选择对比,以求得出具有理想爆炸性能和工艺性能的实用品种。硝酸型液体炸药(以下简称为硝液炸药)以其良好的爆炸性能,很低的机械和热感度,稳定的储存性能,混制简易,成本低廉,流动性好便于注装,可灵活适应任意形状和尺寸极小的装药等一系列显著优点而久巳为人们所重视。但是,随着这类炸药逐步试用于多种爆破工程,其主要成分浓硝酸所特有的强氧化腐蚀性带来的安全保护问题也日益突出。

To improve the energy of single-base gun propellant(SB)while maintaining its mechanical properties, the composite modified single-base gun propellant(CMSB)was prepared by adding RDX and glycidyl azide polymer(GAP)into the basic formula of SB by solvent process. The properties of different samples, such as explosion heat, chemical stability, powder force and mechanical properties at low temperature,were tested and the interior ballistic behavior was tested using a 125mm armour-piercing projectile. The results show that the explosion heat and the powder force are increased by 4.3% and 7.5%, respectively compared with single-base gun propellant. The chemical stability of CMSB by 120℃ methyl violet test is better than that of SB. The low-temperature anti-impact performance of CMSB obtained from dropping hammer impact test is similar to that of SB, and the low-temperature impact resistance of CMSB obtained from the propellant bed impact test is better than that of the standard mixed-ester gun propellant. The internal ballistic test shows that the CMSB has the characteristics of low temperature sensitivity in the high temperature range, and the initial velocity of CMSB propellant charge is 2.6% higher than that of original SB charge under the same maximum pressure at high temperature.

To identify the optimal preparation process of perovskite energetic material DAP-4, triethylenediamine hexahydrate, ammonium perchlorate, and perchloric acid as raw materials were used. Firstly, it was determined that the factors including perchloric acid, deionized water, and the discharge temperature had a greater effect on the yield of DAP-4 through single-factor experiments, and the less influential factors were the reaction time and reaction temperature. Then, the optimal preparation process was determined by designing three-factor and three-level orthogonal experiments, and the particle diameter, thermal decomposition performance, and sensitivity of DAP-4 under each experimental condition were also measured. The results showed that the influence of each factor on the yield of DAP-4 was as follows: perchloric acid=discharge temperature > deionized water, and the best preparation process was: the volume of perchloric acid(the mass fraction is 35%)was 32.6mL(n₁:n₂:n₃=1:1:7.5), and the deionized water was 125mL and the discharge temperature was 20℃. Under these conditions, the yield of DAP-4 can reach 95.9%, and changing the amount of perchloric acid, deionized water, and discharge temperature had little effect on the morphology and particle diameter of DAP-4, and the particle diameter distribution was between 50—90μm, the apparent activation energy of DAP-4 samples synthesized under different process conditions ranged from 175 to 217kJ/mol, and the impact sensitivity and electrostatic sensitivity were both insensitive.

介绍了高能量密度化合物、分子间亚稳态物质、纳米结构材料等新型含能材料的研究概况以及HMX球形化和纳米结构含能复合材料方面的研究进展.研究证实,高能低感炸药得到长足发展和广泛应用,非CHNO类高能量密度材料仍处于理论探索阶段,不敏感弹药主装药中现有单质高能炸药的晶体品质得到很大提高,纳米多孔硅/硝酸盐复合材料具有较强的爆炸性质,是一类值得关注的新型含能材料.研究也获得了装填RDX纳米线的碳纳米管有序阵列,建议在新型复合含能材料方面展开广泛深入的研究.

To reduce the mechanical sensitivity and improve the comprehensive performance of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane(APS)was used as the modifier to modify the surface of CL-20, and graphite oxide(GO)was used as the coating material, CL-20@GO core-shell composite was prepared by electrostatic self-assembly. The tissue morphology of the prepared samples was characterized by water contact angle test, scanning electron microscope(SEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The thermal performance was tested by differential scanning calorimeter(DSC), and the mechanical sensitivity was tested. The results show that the CL-20 modified by 5%(mass fracton)APS solution has the strongest hydrophilic, indicating the successful introduction of amino groups. The CL-20 particles are coated by GO layer completely. Compared with the raw CL-20, the activation energy of CL-20@GO composite increases by 63.0kJ/mol, the impact sensitivity(H₅₀)increases from 13.0cm to 23.5cm, and the friction sensitivity decreases from 100% to 24%, showing that the coating of GO by electrostatic self-assembly can significantly reduce the sensitivity of CL-20.

利用平板扫描仪获取装药药管端面图像,经计算机对图像进行一系列技术处理,实现了对小型推进剂管状装药药形尺寸的高精度数字化检测.详细研究了基于图像噪声面积的图像去噪、自适应的图像阈值分割等技术的开发过程,研制出一套小型推进剂管状装药药形尺寸数字化检测设备.按照国军标要求,分别对3种典型小型推进剂管状装药药形尺寸进行实际检测,检测结果的精度、检测工作的速度及效率等均达到设计要求.

本文介绍应用改良卡尔·费休试剂测定A5炸药所含微量水分,同时对改良卡尔·费休试剂的反应机理进行探讨。

题称会议定于1985年6月9日至13日在瑞典召开。此次会议的论题共四项:火炸药的化学反应性;现代安定性试验;试验结果的评价;试验方法的标准化。该会议代表人数限定75名;报名日期截至1984年12月15日;1985年3月1日前寄出文章摘要,5月15日前寄去文章手稿。

This paper has introduced suitable additive and suitable percentange for decomposition W/O of waste emulsion explosive,got better separated,thus procuring the recovery and utilization of waste emulsion explosive.

从模拟燃烧条件、组分相互作用、组分物理状态、分析测试技术等几方面介绍了含能材料燃烧过程中热分解化学研究近几年来的最新进展.着重介绍燃烧热分解中的基元反应对建立推进剂燃烧新型模型的重要性、氧化剂和黏合剂及催化剂之间的相互作用、氧化剂的黏度和相态变化对燃烧和热分解过程的影响.

通过试验研究了加速度场中丁羟推进剂的燃速的加速度敏感性。另外从加速度力作用下燃烧区压缩导致热反馈增大角度出发，建立了加速度条件下推进剂稳态燃烧模型，并编程计算、分析了影响推进剂燃速敏感性的因素，可为发动机内弹道设计提供参考。

CL-20 based PBX explosive was prepared by water slurry method using CL-20 as filler,and EPDM as binder.The coated samples were characterized by SEM,XRD and FT-IR,and its impact sensitivity and thermal stability were measured.The results showed that EPDM can coat on the CL-20 crystal surface successfully,and the crystalline polymorph of CL-20 didn′t change during the coating process. Compared with raw CL-20,the impact sensitivity of coated sample was reduced significantly.The characteristic drop height was increased from 15.9cm to 40.7cm.The thermal stability was better than raw CL-20.

同一种物质能形成不同结构的晶体,这种现象称为同质多晶现象。无论在无机物或有机物中,这是一种普遍现象。成千上万的有机物,包括长-椅式的脂肪化合物,都可能产生两种或两种以上具有不同物理性质的晶型。作为单质炸药也不例外,常见的一些单质炸药差不多都有同质多晶现象(见表1)。

In view of the current problems that energetic materials cannot meet the urgent needs of high-tech weapons and equipment for multi-mode, special-shaped and gradient charging, additive manufacturing technology for energetic materials is developed. Firstly, the concept, basic principle and technical characteristics of additive manufacturing technology were introduced. Then,the research progress of additive manufacturing technology in energetic materials, including initiating explosive devices, gun propellants, rocket propellants, mixed explosives and thermites, was described respectively based on the related research at home and abroad. The basic problems, such as adaptive formula design, special device/software development, online monitoring of safety/quality, etc. which limited the development of additive manufacturing technology of energetic materials were furtherly analyzed. Finally, the future development of additive manufacturing technology for energetic materials was prospected, and it was pointed out that it was necessary to take the gradient structure-function combining design idea as the starting point, and develop a new mechanism of 4D printing for energetic materials under intelligent, cross-scale and extreme conditions, so as to provide technical support for the development of weapons and equipment with adjustable power and controllable motion. With 135 references.

To compare the performance of nitrocellulose(NC)fiber and nitrobacterial cellulose(NBC), NBC and NC with nitrogen content of 11.90%, 12.40% and 12.95% were selected to prepare two kinds of different fibers with average diameter of 500nm by electrospinning method. The effects of electrospinning fluid mass fraction and viscosity on fiber diameter were studied. The morphology, mechanical properties and thermal decomposition properties were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), differential scanning calorimetry(DTA), atomic force microscope(AFM), universal tensile tester and rotational viscometer. The results showed that the spinnable mass fractions of NBC and NC gradually decreased with the increase of nitrogen content. At the same nitrogen content, the tensile strength of NBC fiber was higher than that of NC fiber, and the tensile strength of NBC fiber decreased with the increase of nitrogen content. The Poisson's ratios of NBC and NC with nitrogen content of 11.90% was 0.35 and 0.36 respectively by using strain gauge and assisted digital image correlation(DIC). It was found that the Young's modulus of NBC fiber reached 2.04GPa, 22% higher than that of NC fiber. Compared with the raw materials, the highest decomposition and exothermic peaks of two types of fibers shifted forward, and the forward temperature decreased with the increase of nitrogen content. The apparent activation energy of NBC fibers with nitrogen content of 12.95% decreased by 48.2% compared with the raw materials, indicating that the decomposition rate of fiber samples was significantly improved.

Aiming at the incomplete combustion of the high-activity aluminum powder, the auxiliary method was used to effectively and accurately measure the combustion heat of high-activity aluminum, and the Monte Carlo method(MCM)was adopted to analyze the sources of uncertainty in the measurement. The distribution function of the relevant input quantity was determined by the principle of maximum information entropy, and the uncertainty transfer and output were carried out according to the measurement model. The influence of the number of simulations M on the calculation results was discussed. The results show that the high-activity aluminum powder is fully burned and presents high combustion efficiency, which means this method works excellently. When M is 100000, the measurement result of the heat of combustion is expressed as(28016±570)J/g, and the relative uncertainty is 1.0%. As the number of simulations M increases, the mean and standard deviation of the calculated results are closer to the theoretical calculated values. Compared with the GUM method, the MCM method is simpler and has fewer restrictions, which can avoid the derivation of the measurement model and the influences from the complexity of the measurement model.

In order to study the influence of stretching process parameters on the safety performance of modified double base propellant molding process, the compression melting section, melt conveying section and die forming section are modeled as a whole, the density, rheological properties of the modified double base propellant slurry are determined, the mesh independence of the fluid domain is verified based on Polyflow software, and the safety characteristics of the stretch molding process of the modified double base propellant slurry under non-isothermal conditions are studied. The results show that the increase of screw speed increases the temperature, pressure and shear rate of the slurry, and there is a risk of ignition and explosion, in order to ensure the safety, the appropriate screw speed in the stretching molding process is 10r/min. With the increase of screw temperature, the shear rate decreases, the plasticization degree of the material becomes worse, and the increase of screw temperature is easy to decompose the material, combined with the composition characteristics of the sensitive material of modified double base propellant, the screw temperature is relatively safe at 85℃. Compared with the screw temperature, the change of sleeve temperature has little influence on the material flow field, and combined with the actual production conditions of modified double base propellant, the sleeve holding temperature of 70℃ is suitable for the production of modified double base propellant. Based on the simulation results, it is concluded that the effects of rapid changes in pressure and temperature should be paid attention to in the propellant production process.

含ACP的无烟改性双基推进剂能量特性理论计算表明,ACP对推进剂的能量影响较小.研究了不同工艺对含ACP无烟改性双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响.实验结果表明,ACP对压伸工艺制备的推进剂燃速没有显著提高,但能大幅度地提高浇铸无烟改性双基推进剂的燃速.分析了ACP提高无烟改性双基推进剂燃速的作用机理,认为ACP可增加燃烧表面积和热量向燃烧表面积的反馈,使推进剂的燃速大增.

从含能增塑剂的能量基团种类出发,综述含能增塑剂的合成和应用研究现状,认为含能增塑剂在含能材料配方中起着重要作用,不仅能改进力学性能,而且可以提高安全特性.硝酸酯含能增塑剂是一种极易受摩擦和撞击引爆的敏感炸药,且大多数危险等级为1.1,而新兴的叠氮类、偕二硝基类及硝胺类含能化合物或齐聚物性能优异,是含能增塑剂的主要研究对象.同时分析了国内含能增塑剂研究在合成技术、数量品种及应用等方面存在的差距,建议国内应加强多种类型新含能增塑剂的合成及应用研究.

为了清理火箭发动机内报废的推进剂,采用萃取法对含能组分进行降感处理,研究了萃取剂质量浓度对萃取效果及含能组分溶解度的影响,最后对萃取液中含能组分采用蒸馏方法进行回收.结果表明,从报废复合固体推进剂中萃取出AP后,推进剂的撞击感度、摩擦感度降低60%,推进剂本体发生裂解、失强,有利于发动机内报废推进剂的安全销毁,优选出最优萃取剂为TJ-3,AP组分的回收利用使推进剂中大量氧化剂得以回收,有利于环保.

利用2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和液化4,4′-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)合成聚异氰酸酯,进而合成聚氨酯黏结剂作为某推进剂包覆层的主要组分,使得该包覆层具有良好的力学性能和低烟雾性能等.研究结果表明,TDI和液化MDI的质量分数为70%和30%,合成聚氨酯黏结剂反应温度为80 ℃,反应时间为30 min,固化时间为4～5 d较适宜.

In order to explore the influence of impact crushing phenomenon of propellant grains during the Cased Telescoped Ammunition(CTA)firing process, the difference and inconsistency of gunpowder grain is ignored, and a new theoretical approach related to the shape of gunpowder is proposed. According to the impact and crushing mechanism of energetic gunpowder, the grain impact crushing process is simulated by using the changes in gunpowder shape parameters. This grain fragmentation model is applied in the simulation of the one-dimensional and two-phase flow simulation of the CTA. The effect of grain fracture on the ballistic performance of the CTA during the ignition process can be predicted, which will improve the unique charge structure and ignition theoretical basis of the CTA and also enhance the launching safety. By comparing the simulation results of simulated gunpowder particles without fragmentation and breakage, it is found that under the abnormal ignition of the CTA, partial crushing grains in the chamber during firing will cause the surge of crushing stress, and the maximum value increases from 25.7MPa to 35.1MPa, with an increase of 36.6%. The proportion of gunpowder combustion surface increases significantly, the degree of fragmentation reaches as high as 5.8. Meanwhile, the breech pressure increases sharply, and the maximum chamber bottom pressure and the maximum bullet bottom pressure is 1.069 times and 1.047 times respectively compared with the normal structure. The high-amplitude and choppy pressure waves are easily generated,and the maximum negative peak of the pressure wave decreases from -2.6MPa to -11.0MPa. The gas-solid two-phase movement in the bore is more complex and changeable, and the muzzle velocity increases from 1146m/s to 1163m/s.

By using the stearic acid modified nano-hexanitrostilbene(HNS)as the surfactant, CL-20-TNT cocrystal/HNS composite(CL-20-TNT/HNS)was prepared by Pickering emulsion method. Its morphology, crystal form, thermal decomposition performance, and safety property were characterized. Results show that the particle size of spherical CL-20-TNT/HNS composite prepared by Pickering emulsion method is about 5μm. CL-20 and TNT form cocrystal by intermolecular interactions, and HNS is coated on the surface of CL-20-TNT cocrystal uniformly. The peak temperature of thermal decomposition of CL-20-TNT/HNS is 251.5℃, 8.1℃ higher than that of raw CL-20. The impact sensitivity H₅₀ of CL-20-TNT/HNS is 68cm, which is much higher than that of raw CL-20 and CL-20/TNT/HNS mechanical mixture, indicating a significant increase of the safety performance of CL-20. Based on the pickering emulsion method, the composite is substantially free of non-energetic component. Compared with other schemes using non-energetic materials such as Tween and Span as surfactants, the energy of CL-20-TNT /HNS composites is not reduced.

The researches and applications of different nano carbon based composite combustion catalysts in solid propellants were summarized. The catalytic effects and combustion regulation effects of carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers, nano carbon black, nano activated carbon and their composites on the thermal decomposition of solid propellants and solid propellant components were analyzed, for example, the decomposition peak temperature of oxidizer such as AP and RDX is decreased, and the combustion rate of propellant is increased and the pressure index is lower. The characteristics of different light nano carbon structured materials and the preparation methods and combustion catalysis of supported catalysts by combining with metal particles and oxides were discussed. Based on the summary of the current research progress in the application of nano carbon materials based composite combustion catalysts, it is suggested that the future research direction should be focused on: expanding the design and preparation of new materials, such as carbon points and nitrogen-containing carbon materials to improve the catalytic activity of composite combustion catalysts based on nano-carbon materials; modifying the surface structure of nano carbon materials to improve the dispersion of nano-particles; investigating the catalytic mechanism of nano carbon matrix composites in solid propellant more deeply to carry out directional application research; summarizing and deducing the existing researches, and designing and screening the high efficiency combustion catalyst by machine learning, which could effectively improve the burning rate, pressure index and combustion stability of solid propellant.

列举了用低温型(-196～200℃)Calvet微热量热计在测定含能材料及其相关物的比热、分解热、固化热、凝固热、熔融焓、晶转焓和过量焓方面的应用。其中,标准试样的实测值与文献值的符合程度是令人满意的。

本文从新技术革命发展的潮流、2000年战争可能特点及常规兵器比重增长对火炸药的需求,就五个方面对火炸药发展及所牵涉的重大问题进行了预估和分析。

本文介绍了标题化合物的合成方法、结构鉴定及部分爆炸性能测试结果。并对标题化合物合成的意义进行了评价。

应用气相色谱法,研究了单基药中水、乙醇、乙醚含量在不同贮存湿度下的变化情况。

The combustion wave structure of HTPB propellants was introduced, and the changes of the combustion flame structure and burning surface structure of the propellants under different pressures were analyzed. The burning rate expression was used to clarify that the heat and mass transfer between the gas-phase and condensed-phase were important affecting factors for the burning rate of propellant. The effects of HTPB, AP particle size distribution, particle size of RDX and HMX in HTPB propellants on high-pressure burning rate were reviewed, the research progress of metal oxides, ferrocene and its derivatives, nano-catalysts, carbon materials and their composites, and catalyst composites in the control of combustion performance was summarized, and the possible reasons for the drastically increase on the burning rate under high pressure were analyzed. Ultimately, it is pointed out that the following researches should be strengthened in the future:(1)Studying the effect of formulations on the high-pressure combustion characteristics of HTPB propellants and clarifying the change law of the pressure where the pressure exponent breaks;(2)Studying the effect of pressure on the combustion characteristics of each component and the interaction between components in the HTPB propellants;(3)Developing new types of burning rate agents to effectively control the high-pressure combustion performance of HTPB propellants.

To compare the blast power of a frag-demolition shellcharged with TNT and RDX-based aluminized explosive RL-F detonated in theshallow soil, the processes of crater formed by the two kinds of chargeexplosives were numerically simulated by LS-DYNA code, and the bulging processof soil surface and final shape of crater were discussed. The results show thatcompared with the TNT, the bulging transverse size, bulging height and maximumbulging velocity of RL-F charges椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀 by 13.1%, 23.8% and 16% during the phases of bulging movement,respectively, and the final shape of crater shows that the crater diameter,depth and volume of RL-F charges increase by 11.5% , 34.3% and 54.5%,respectively. The blast power of the large calibre frag demolition shell whichcharged with aluminized explosive RL-F can be improved greatly.

不同粉碎颗粒物质的粒度及粒度分布可用很多不同方法进行分析。即使同一种粉碎颗粒,也可用几种不同方法进行测定,各种测定方法的原理也各不相同。另外,由于粒度测量是一种几率测量。因此,各种不同方法测出的粒度数据一般是不同的。重要的是所测出的粒度数据的重现性——即精度如何,是评价一种测试方法好坏的主要标准。本文介绍用TAⅡ型库尔特计数器测定铝粉粒度及粒度分布的方法。

探讨了炸药的破甲威力与爆轰参数之间的关系，发现在一定计算精度范围内，炸药的破甲威力与爆速Ｄ的关系比较复杂，而与爆压Ｐ的关系相对比较简单且具有较高的计算准确度，据此提出，爆压Ｐ与破甲深度ｈ、与破孔体积Ｖ之间的定量关系式。对单质炸药和混合炸药的计算结果表明，计算值与实验值的一致性令人满意。根据这一定量关系，可以确定提高炸药破甲威力的两条件途径，一是提高炸药的爆压，即提高炸药的能量，二是通过设计新型装药结构，提高炸药能量的利用率，应用本文定量关系，不仅能够预测炸药的破甲威力，而且对于寻求具有优良破甲威力的炸药及设计新型装药结构具有一定的参考价值。

以高氮量5/7单基发射药为基体药粒，通过先浸渍吸收NG、后吸收聚酯钝感剂NA的两步工艺制备出改性单基药，在制备过程中，NA含量恒定，浸渍NG的质量分数为5%、10%和15%，制备出3种NG含量的改性单基药样品RN-a、RN-b和RN-c。采用密闭爆发器试验和30mm弹道炮内弹道试验，研究了NG含量对改性单基药燃烧性能的影响。结果表明，所制备的3种改性单基药样品的燃烧渐增性均优于基体药；在保持最大膛压不增加的情况下，弹丸初速较5/7单基药装药分别提高36.9、91.7和57.4m/s。在制备工艺过程中，通过调节NG的含量，能够改善改性单基药的燃烧性能，实现大幅度提高炮口初速的目的。

目前我国石油、煤炭等地下资源勘探都用地球物理地震法,主要用硝铵炸药作爆炸震源,只有个別地区应用梯恩梯。在长期应用中发现,硝铵炸药作为爆炸震源有以下几项主要缺点: 1.硝酸铵是一种水溶性和吸湿性较大的物质。硝酸铵在空气中吸湿后结块,致使硝铵炸药起爆性能大为减弱,甚至拒爆。地质勘探队野外作业流动性大,没有良好的炸药保管库,硝铵炸药一般是堆放在帐棚内,极易受潮,造成大量硝铵炸药报废。2.硝铵炸药能量低,地震效果不佳,需多选点打井放炮,而且勘探的地层深度也浅。3.硝铵炸药装填在塑料袋内,装填密度约0.9克/厘米³。

采用经改进的四硝基二苯并-1，3a,4,6a-四氮杂戊搭烯(代号为TACOT)的合成工艺，将TACOT的合成总时间缩短了一半，简化了合成操作，将产物的总得率由26.7%提高至52.0%，从而大大降低了TACOT的成本。

介绍了高聚物粘结炸药平面应变断裂韧度K1c的测试方法，对三种高聚物粘结炸药JOB-9003、JO-9159、JB-9014在常温下的K1c值进行了测试。测试结果分别为：0.24±0.01MPa*m1/2、0.17±0.01MPa*m1/2、0.37±0.01MPa*m1/2，显示出JB-9014具有相对较强的抗裂纹扩展能力。文章同时讨论了三种高聚物粘结炸药K1c值与其常规力学性能如拉伸应力应变曲线、蠕变曲线测试结果的一致性，还从材料组成的角度，分析揭示了JB-9014具有较大K1c值的主要原因在于JB-9014所用粘结剂为F2314。